Modifizierte Ionenaustauscher als spezifische Adsorbentien

Resolution of Racemates and Enantioselective Analytics by Cinchona Alkaloids and Their Derivatives

“…Pioneering attempts at using cinchona alkaloids as a platform for chiral stationary phase preparation have been reported as early as in the mid-1950s by Grubhofer and Schleith [52]. The chiral anion exchange polymeric materials were prepared by immobilization of quinine (and other cinchona alkaloids) via the 9-hydroxyl group or quinuclidine nitrogen to a polymer support.…”

Enzyme Immobilization for Organic Synthesis

“…Immobilization offers an elegant solution to these problems. Since the 1916 report by Nelson and Griffin [7], chemists have sought efficient methods for enzyme immobilization [8,9], which offers several potential improvements: It should also be noted that immobilizing enzymes also has some disadvantages for industrial applications: Enzyme Immobilization for Organic Synthesis Until recently, these drawbacks limited the broader application of immobilized enzymes on industrial scales. Nowadays, large-scale production processes (10 3 -10 7 tons per year) using immobilized enzymes are practiced with a small number of enzymes such as lipase [10][11][12], lactase [13], penicillin G acylase [14], aspartase [15], and glucose isomerase [16], among others.…”

Immobilized Biocatalysts

“…Table 1. Historical development of immobilized biocatalysts (partly based on [6]) Year Biocatalyst, process, or event Comments 1823 vinegar manufacture from alcoholic solutions by using biofilm on wood chips ("Quick" process) 1916 invertase adsorbed on charcoal [5] 1948 urease insolubilization [7] 1949 physiologically active protein immobilization [8] 1951 albumin bound to diazonium derivative of 4-aminobenzyl cellulose [9] 1953 immobilization of carboxypeptidase, diastase, pepsin, and ribonuclease [10] 1969 continuous optical resolution of d,l-amino acids by immobilized aminoacylase [11] first industrial process employing an immobilized biocatalyst 1971 First Enzyme Engineering Conference at Henniker, New Hampshire [12] definition of immobilized enzymes 1972 isomerization of glucose to fructose by immobilized glucose isomerase [13] 1973 production of l-aspartic acid by immobilized Escherichia coli (aspartase) [14] first industrial use of immobilized microbial cells 1975 adsorption of rat liver mitochondria on alkylsilanized glass beads [15] first immobilization of subcellular particles 1979 adsorption of algae (Anabaena cylindrica) on glass beads for the evolution of hydrogen [16] [17] first immobilization of plant cells 1979 slice of porcine kidney immobilized in the membrane of an ammonia electrode for amino acid detection [18] first immobilization of animal cells…”