Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST): Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population

Abstract

Abstract. OBJECTIVE:To generate normative data for the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the M-WCST as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Number of categories, perseverative errors, and total error scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age 2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test RESULTS:The final multiple linear regression models indicated main effects for age on all scores, such that the number of categories correct increased and total number of perseverative errors and total number of errors decrease linearly as a function of age. Age 2 had a significant effect in Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, and Spain for numbers of categories; a significant effect for number of perseverative errors in Chile, Cuba, Mexico, and Spain; and a significant effect for number of total errors in Chile, Cuba, Peru, and Spain. Models showed an effect for MLPE in Cuba (total errors), Ecuador (categories and total errors), Mexico (all scores), Paraguay (perseverative errors and total error), and Spain (categories and total errors). Sex affected number of total errors for Ecuador. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate way to interpret the M-WCST with pediatric populations.

Effect of COGNI-MACHINE computational thinking training on executive functions in children aged 9 to 11: Protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial

“…[ 73 ] Auditory-verbal working memory WISC-V Digit Scale Number of right answers in direct order, reverse order and increasing order Digit span in forward order Digit span reverse order Digit span increasing order Wechsler [ 74 ] Visual spatial working memory Corsi cubes, version WMS-III Maximum number of elements Number of correct trials Corsi [ 75 ] Wechsler [ 76 ] Visual working memory WISC-V Span of drawings Scale Span of drawings Span of stimuli Wechsler [ 74 ] Cognitive flexibility M-WCST Wisconsin cards abridged version Number of right answers Number of maintenance errors Number of perseverations Number of deferred perseverations Execution time Completed Categories Arango-Lasprilla et al. [ 77 ] Schretlen [ 78 ] Inhibitory control Classic stroop test Number of stimuli words, letters and words/letters Golden [ 79 ] …”

Brain Circuit Alterations and Cognitive Disability in Late-Onset Cobalamin D Disorder

“…For psychosocial assessment the following tests were used: Children Depression Inventory [35] (CDI), Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale [36] (CMAS-R), Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory [37] (PedsQL) Parent-Report, and Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition [38] (ABAS-II). All of these tests had normative data available for Spanish-speaking children and adolescents [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48].…”

Relationship between executive functions and impulsive behavior in adolescents: Comparative study

“…The Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST) was also used, which consists of discovering an underlying rule or sorting criterion by pairing a series of cards that varies according to three basic categories (shape, color, and number). The M-WCST can be considered a measure of executive function because it requires the ability to develop and maintain problem-solving strategies that are appropriate for achieving an objective through conditions involving stimulus changes (Arango-Lasprilla et al, 2017a).…”