“…The above-mentioned models of the clarification process focused on pH prediction, while more critical process parameters such as the gravity purity have not been involved. Moreover, these models are mainly based on the gradient descent method to update the model parameters (Al-Batah, Mat Isa, Zamli, & Azizli, 2010). While the generalization performance of these models is good, there are some problems, such as slow training speed and easy to fall into the local optimum, which limits the application and development of the model (Kaya & Uyar, 2013;Mohammed, Minhas, Jonathan Wu, & Sid-Ahmed, 2011).…”