Modified porous scaffolds of silk fibroin with mimicked microenvironment based on decellularized pulp/fibronectin for designed performance biomaterials in maxillofacial bone defect

Abstract

Maxillofacial bone defect is a critical problem for many patients. In severe cases, the patients need an operation using a biomaterial replacement. Therefore, to design performance biomaterials is a challenge for materials scientists and maxillofacial surgeons. In this research, porous silk fibroin scaffolds with mimicked microenvironment based on decellularized pulp and fibronectin were created as for bone regeneration. Silk fibroin scaffolds were fabricated by freeze-drying before modification with three different components: decellularized pulp, fibronectin, and decellularized pulp/fibronectin. The morphologies of the modified scaffolds were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Existence of the modifying components in the scaffolds was proved by the increase in weights and from the pore size measurements of the scaffolds. The modified scaffolds were seeded with MG-63 osteoblasts and cultured. Testing of the biofunctionalities included cell viability, cell proliferation, calcium content, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), mineralization and histological analysis. The results demonstrated that the modifying components organized themselves into aggregations of a globular structure. They were arranged themselves into clusters of aggregations with a fibril structure in the porous walls of the scaffolds. The results showed that modified scaffolds with a mimicked microenvironment of decellularized pulp/fibronectin were suitable for cell viability since the cells could attach and spread into most of the pores of the scaffold. Furthermore, the scaffolds could induce calcium synthesis, mineralization, and ALP activity. The results indicated that modified silk fibroin scaffolds with a mimicked microenvironment of decellularized pulp/fibronectin hold promise for use in tissue engineering in maxillofacial bone defects. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1624-1636, 2017.

Decellularized Extracellular Matrix-based Bioinks for Engineering Tissue- and Organ-specific Microenvironments

“…Owing to the shortage of suitable donors and rejection rates, a wide range of studies have considered the decellularization of human lung tissue as an initiative for developing personalized lung grafts as a possible future option. , Many other studies reported the decellularization of human tissues (e.g., gingiva, dental pulp, Schneiderian membrane, small intestine, kidney, bladder, testis, cornea, vocal folds, and peripheral nerves) to obtain human tissue-derived dECM for a wide range of tissue engineering applications. Some of the tissues (e.g., the umbilical cord, placenta, and amniotic membrane) are considered waste products after childbirth, and because they are easily available, inexpensive, and without ethical concerns, these may be considered as ideal candidates to be used as decellularized biomaterials for tissue engineering. , Taken together, in the most recent years, much attention has been drawn toward the utilization of human sources due to increased awareness about the importance of the ECM specificity, in terms of architectural, biomechanical, and bioactivity characteristics.…”

Tissue-Engineered Grafts from Human Decellularized Extracellular Matrices: A Systematic Review and Future Perspectives

“…Tissue engineering is recognized as a promising approach in many fields of dentistry; however, the interest for dental pulp decellularization is quite recent. Sangkert and Collaborators [236,237] were the first authors considering decellularization of dental pulp (half-segmented teeth) by collagenase and dispase. The process succeeded in obtaining a solution that was used at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL in 0.1% NaClO in combination with collagen or fibronectin to coat silk supports.…”

Application of decellularization-recellularization technique in plastic and reconstructive surgery

“…In recent years, the combination of acellular ECM and composite materials has shown to play an important role in synergistically promoting the regeneration of related maxillofacial tissues. For instance, the combined application of a decellularized pulp tissue, fibronectin, and a silk fibroin scaffold can promote the formation of a new bone [70,71] . The mixture of acellular bone matrix, hydroxyapatite, and extracellular vesicles is more beneficial to the repair of rabbit mandibular bone defect models [72] …”

“…For instance, the combined application of a decellularized pulp tissue, fibronectin, and a silk fibroin scaffold can promote the formation of a new bone. [70,71] The mixture of acellular bone matrix, hydroxyapatite, and extracellular vesicles is more beneficial to the repair of rabbit mandibular bone defect models. [72] Compared with bones, the reconstruction of facial muscles seems more complicated because it involves multiple functions, including speaking, chewing, expressions, etc.…”