Modified Lipoproteins by Acrylamide Showed More Atherogenic Properties and Exposure of Acrylamide Induces Acute Hyperlipidemia and Fatty Liver Changes in Zebrafish

Abstract

Acrylamide is a well-known potent carcinogen and neurotoxin that, until now, has not been sufficiently investigated with regard to its effects on lipid metabolism. We investigated physiological effects of acrylamide (AA) on lipoprotein metabolism using human macrophages, dermal cells, and zebrafish models. Functional and structural properties of lipoproteins were modified by AA (final concentration of 5-100 mM) with loss of antioxidant ability and multimerization of apoA-I in vitro. AA exacerbated LDL oxidation, degradation, and LDL uptake into macrophages with increased ROS production. In human cells, treatment of AA (1-100 μM) caused cellular senescence of dermal cells with severe cytotoxicity. Waterborne exposure of zebrafish in cage water containing AA (300 ppm) resulted in acute death within 26 h along with elevation of body weight, blood glucose, triglyceride, and hepatic inflammation. AA exposure caused fat accumulation in liver in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, AA affected lipoprotein metabolism to result exacerbation of atherosclerosis. Exposure of zebrafish to AA resulted in acute inflammatory death with hyperlipidemia.

Acrylamide Exposure and Oxidative DNA Damage, Lipid Peroxidation, and Fasting Plasma Glucose Alteration: Association and Mediation Analyses in Chinese Urban Adults

“…The hyperglycemic effect of acrylamide has been documented in experimental studies in zebrafish and rodents, where a significant dose-dependent increase in blood glucose was shown after acrylamide exposure (6)(7)(8). However, epidemiological evidence was limited.…”

“…The World Health Organization has called for further urgent research on the health hazards of acrylamide, sounding an international health alarm for its health risk (5). Studies in zebrafish and rodents have shown a significant dosedependent increase in blood glucose levels after acrylamide exposure (6)(7)(8). High fasting plasma glucose (FPG) is an important indicator for diabetes and the third leading risk factor for global disease burden, accounting for 6.53 million deaths (9).…”

Dietary Acrylamide and the Risks of Developing Cancer: Facts to Ponder

“…Moreover, the total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were increased, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was decreased following AA administration ( 96 ). Waterborne exposure of zebrafish in water containing AA (300 ppm) resulted in acute death within 26 h along with elevation of blood glucose, triglyceride, hepatic inflammation, and fat accumulation in the liver ( 94 ).…”

Enhancement of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Functions by Encapsulation of Policosanol Exerts Anti-Senescence and Tissue Regeneration Effects Via Improvement of Anti-Glycation, Anti-Apoptosis, and Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Inhibition

“…To verify spectroscopic data, oxidized samples were subjected to 0.5% agarose gel electrophoresis in order to compare electromobilities. 21 Migration of each lipoprotein was dependent on its intact charge and size. Gels were then dried and the bands stained with 0.125% Coomassie Brilliant Blue.…”