Modified Larsons Ratio Incorporating Temperature, Water Age, and Electroneutrality Effects on Red Water Release

Imran, Syed; Dietz, John D.; Mutoti, Ginasiyo; Taylor, James S.; Randall, Andrew A.

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2005)131:11(1514)

Cited by 48 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…3(e)) indicated that iron release in distribution system is negatively associated with alkalinity. Similar exponential relationship was observed by Imran et al [16]. They conclude that alkalinity addition can be a simple and viable alternative reducing red water phenomenon in iron drinking water pipes that receive different source waters.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

“…In most water treatment facilities, pH, alkalinity, and calcium hardness are manipulated for corrosion control to prevent internal corrosion in the water distribution system [14,15]. Usually, the corrosion control measures are implemented through statistical, empirical, or mechanistic models (indices) of corrosion potential that are linked to easily amendable water quality parameters such as pH, alkalinity, and calcium hardness [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Potential for iron release in drinking water distribution system: a case study of Hamedan city, Iran

Mesdaghinia

Nabizadeh

Nasseri

et al. 2015

Desalination and Water Treatment

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A B S T R A C TBlending of water from different sources into an urban drinking water distribution system can have unintended impacts, such as corrosion and/or release of corrosion by-products from pipe surfaces. Hamedan, a city in west Iran, receives water from four different sources that have different physical and chemical characteristics. The potential for iron release from iron distribution pipes due to in situ blending of different sources was investigated in this study. A dedicated software was developed to calculate the corrosion indices of different blends expected in different zones of Hamedan's water distribution system. The calculated corrosion indices, and iron release were verified and correlated to actual conditions through water sampling conducted in different zones of the city. The Langelier index (LI), Ryznar stability index (RSI or RI), Puckorius scaling index (PSI), and the calcium carbonate precipitation potential were found to be −0.60 ± 0.30, 8.63 ± 0.57, 8.18 ± 0.34, and −10.95 ± 6.9 mg CaCO 3 /L, respectively. Alkalinity, pH, and carbonate ion were identified as the important parameters that have a role in the control of iron release. Significant linear correlations of LI, RI, and PSI to iron concentration were observed in samples collected from different zones of the distribution system. The spatial correlation between iron concentration and corrosion indices in different zones of the water distribution system was determined using ordinary Kriging interpolation. These indices indicated a wide variation of corrosive potential in different zones of the distribution system. Therefore, these corrosion indices can be used to estimate, monitor, and minimize the potential for iron release from distribution systems.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential for iron release in drinking water distribution system: a case study of Hamedan city, Iran

Mesdaghinia

Nabizadeh

Nasseri

et al. 2015

Desalination and Water Treatment

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“…This relationship is shown in Eq 3 (Imran et al, 2005b; Imran, 2003):

Fe = 0.0132 \times Apparent Color

Because of the high coefficient of correlation (R 2 = 0.82) between apparent color and total iron concentrations for the conditions of this study, apparent color was used as a substitute measurement for total iron. A color (iron) release model was developed for the hybrid PDS and is shown in Eq 4 (Imran et al, 2005a; Taylor et al, 2005; Imran, 2003):

\begin{array}{l} left & Δ C = \\ left & \frac{{(Cl)}^{0.485} {(Na)}^{0.561} {({SO}_{4}^{2 ‐})}^{0.118} {(DO)}^{0.967} {(T)}^{0.813} {(HRT)}^{0.836}}{10^{1.321} {(Alk)}^{0.912}} \end{array}

in which ΔC is the increase in apparent color in cpu; Na, SO 4 2‐ , and Cl are the sodium, sulfates, and chlorides, respectively, in mg/L; Alk is the alkalinity in mg/L as CaCO 3 ; DO is the dissolved oxygen content in mg/L; T is the temperature in °C; and HRT is the hydraulic retention time in days. The suggested maximum contaminant level (SMCL) for iron is 0.3 mg/L and 15 cpu for apparent color.…”

Section: Experimental Design and Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conflicting aspect of water quality goals. Traditional optimization involves optimizing water quality, sources, and costs of water treatment and supply (Elzenga et al, 1987; Liand & Nnaji, 1983). However, no comparable study evaluates the simultaneous effects of blending water sources on different materials in the distribution system.…”

Section: Blend Water and Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing source water blends for corrosion and residual control in distribution systems

Imran¹,

Dietz²,

Mutoti³

et al. 2006

Journal AWWA

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Utilities must understand the issues involved when multiple source waters are blended, particularly the effect on distribution system water quality. This article describes a multiobjective technique that can help evaluate blends to identify acceptable water quality for simultaneous control of lead, copper, iron, and monochloramine levels in distribution systems. Blends of three source waters—groundwater, surface water, and desalinated water—were evaluated. Modeling results indicated that different pipe materials often have conflicting water quality requirements for release abatement. For example, corrosion of copper and lead pipes was increased by increasing alkalinity, whereas increasing alkalinity was beneficial in reducing the release of iron corrosion products from pipes. Increasing sulfates reduced lead release but increased iron release. These conflicting water quality requirements for lead, copper, and iron release mean that utilities must evaluate the tradeoffs between water quality and corrosion response.

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“…It is the pioneer and popular method for prognosticating the corrosive and scale forming tendency of the aqueous solutions [37,38].…”

Section: Langelier Saturation Index (Lsi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of heavy metals in recycled water used for household laundry on quality of cloth and washing machine

Pham

Mainali

Ngo

et al. 2014

Desalination and Water Treatment

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Recycled water for washing clothes saves significant amount of potable water and hence has a great potential for sustainable urban water management. To date, there has been no official acceptance and very rare practice of use of recycled water for household laundry. This study investigates the effects of critical heavy metals (Pb, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn) on cloth quality and corrosive/scaling of washing machine to evaluate the feasibility of using recycled water for household laundry. The experimental data can be used for future recycled water quality guidelines. Five representative cloth materials namely polyester, satin, polycotton, denim and organic cotton were selected for washing in tap water and synthetic recycled water which contained different concentrations of heavy metals. Cloth durability, surface morphology and textile colour of washed cloth samples were measured to investigate the effects of heavy metals on quality of fabric. Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) was used as the indicator for predicting corrosive/scaling effects on washing machine. The results indicated that quality of fabrics after 50 wash cycles was found no change by recycled water when concentration of Pb and Mn <0.5mg/L, Fe<1mg/L, Cu<5mg/L and Zn<30mg/L. Lower than the about values, the LSI indicated that recycled water would not led to any negative impact on washing machine.

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Modified Larsons Ratio Incorporating Temperature, Water Age, and Electroneutrality Effects on Red Water Release

Cited by 48 publications

References 14 publications

Potential for iron release in drinking water distribution system: a case study of Hamedan city, Iran

Potential for iron release in drinking water distribution system: a case study of Hamedan city, Iran

Optimizing source water blends for corrosion and residual control in distribution systems

Effect of heavy metals in recycled water used for household laundry on quality of cloth and washing machine

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