Modified Hyper-Viscoelastic Constitutive Model for Elastomeric Materials

Pre-stretching for performance improvement of soft polymeric thermal actuators

“…The physical base models link macroscopic deformations to the microstructure changes, and their terms have physical meanings. This group of CMs is introduced with different names in the literature, such as classical Gaussian statistic model [41], thermodynamic statistics model [42], micromechanical models [43], and microscopically based model [44]. All this refers to the physical base models.…”

“…The phenomenological models are derived mathematically with no direct link to microstructure. This group of constitutive models (CMs) is introduced with different names in the literature, such as macromolecular network models [41] and continuum mechanics models [42]. All these are phenomenological models.…”