Search for the Higgs boson produced in association with a vector boson and decaying into two spin-zeroparticles in the H → aa → 4b channel in p p collisions at √ s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detectorThe ATLAS Collaboration A search for exotic decays of the Higgs boson into a pair of spin-zero particles, H → aa, where the a-boson decays into b-quarks promptly or with a mean proper lifetime cτ a up to 6 mm and has a mass in the range of 20-60 GeV, is presented. The search is performed in events where the Higgs boson is produced in association with a W or Z boson, giving rise to a signature of one or two charged leptons (electrons or muons) and multiple jets from b-quark decays. The analysis is based on the dataset of proton-proton collisions at √ s = 13 TeV recorded in 2015 and 2016 by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb −1 . No significant excess of events above the Standard Model background prediction is observed, and 95% confidence-level upper limits are derived for the production cross-sections for pp → W H, Z H and their combination, times the branching ratio of the decay chain H → aa → 4b. For a-bosons which decay promptly, the upper limit on the combination of cross-sections for W H and Z H times the branching ratio of H → aa → 4b ranges from 3.0 pb for m a = 20 GeV to 1.3 pb for m a = 60 GeV, assuming that the ratio of W H to Z H cross-sections follows the Standard Model prediction. For a-bosons with longer proper lifetimes, the most stringent limits are 1.8 pb and 0.68 pb, respectively, at cτ a ∼ 0.4 mm.The discovery of the Higgs boson by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations [1, 2] at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been a major achievement for the Standard Model (SM). A comprehensive programme to explore the properties of this particle is underway, including measurements of the branching ratios to SM particles and searches for decays into "exotic" or non-SM particles. Exotic Higgs boson decays are a powerful probe for physics beyond the SM (BSM). The Higgs boson has a very narrow decay width, so even a small coupling to a non-SM particle could open up a sizeable decay mode. Measurements at the LHC are in agreement with SM predictions, constraining the non-SM branching ratio of the Higgs boson to less than approximately 30% at 95% confidence level (CL) using the 7 and 8 TeV datasets [3][4][5].Despite this experimental triumph, there is still ample room for exotic Higgs boson decays compatible with observations to date.The Higgs boson has been proposed as a possible "portal" for hidden-sector particles to interact with SM particles [6][7][8]. Exotic decays in particular are predicted by many BSM theories [9], including those with an extended Higgs sector such as the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM) [10][11][12][13][14], models with a first-order electroweak phase transition [15,16], models with neutral naturalness [17][18][19] and models of dark matter [20][21][22][23][24].The decay of the Higgs boson into a pair of sp...