“…In the 1990s, Schlangen and van Mier started to adapt and apply this model to simulate the fracture processes in concrete [ 3 ]. Plenty of efforts were made to develop the lattice fracture model in a variety of different settings: regular/irregular network, triangular/quadrangular mesh, truss/beam element, the method to implement heterogeneity (random distribution of local properties/microstructure mapping), and whether to introduce the softening at the element level [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”