“…Therefore, in order to consider the size-dependent effect, various non-classical continuum theories are offered, which include the material length scale parameter, such as micropolar theory (Eringen, 1967), strain gradient theory (Lam et al, 2003), nonlocal elasticity theory (Eringen, 1972), surface elasticity theory (Gurtin et al, 1976), and modified couple stress theory (MCST) (Park and Gao, 2006). The couple stress and strain gradient theories are applied for the micro-and nanoscale structures (Farokhi and Ghayesh, 2015;Jung et al, 2014;Kahrobaiyan et al, 2014;Mohandes and Ghasemi, 2017;Park and Gao, 2006;Salamat-talab et al, 2012;Shaat et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2013Wang et al, , 2015). There is a difference between these two theories so that the rotation and strain are applied as a variable to describe curvature in the couple stress and strain gradient theories, respectively.…”