Modified and unmodified multiwalled carbon nanotubes in high performance solution-styrene–butadiene and butadiene rubber blends

Das, Amit; Stöckelhuber, Klaus Werner; Jurk, René; Saphiannikova, Marina; Fritzsche, Juliane; Lorenz, H.; Klüppel, Manfred; Heinrich, Gert

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2008.09.031

Cited by 282 publications

(207 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This finding coincides with the finding in our previous investigation [18], in which transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used as a method to estimate the dispersion of the nanofiller system in these samples. This again confirms that the predispersion of MWCNT in ethanol and the high viscosity of the rubber, which causes occurrence of strong shearing forces during the process of mixing, are sufficient to induce the separation of the individual CNT from their aggregates and to successfully form nanocomposites [18,21].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

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Electron Spin Resonanceon Hybrid Nanocomposites Based on Natural Rubber

2018

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Electron spin resonance (ESR) was used as a new method to analyze the synergy between two nanofillers different by nature, form and rigidity dispersed in natural rubber matrix. Natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites loaded with fixed amount of carbon nanotubes (2 parts per hundred of rubber parts; phr) and various amounts of expanded organically modified montmorillonite (EOMt, 4-20 phr) were investigated. The dependence of the double integral of the resonance spectra on the amount of EOMt present in the natural rubber was established. Its decrease with an increaseof the amount of EOMt confirmed the synergy between these two nanofillers. Also DMA temperature sweep measurements were performed and the cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA) model was used to assess the apparent filler networking energy. The obtained results suggest that the presence of the EOMt above a critical amount strengthens the hybrid-filler networking.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

“…The commercial OMt was first expanded by intercalation of stearic acid in the interlayer space prior to its incorporation in the rubber matrix [21]. This preparation is described in detail in reference [18].…”

Section: Preparation Of the Rubber Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron Spin Resonanceon Hybrid Nanocomposites Based on Natural Rubber

2018

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“…That leads to a significant and uncontrolled change in the surface energy of the filler and thus its wettability [6]. Different methods [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] were developed and used for characterization of filler wetting and polymer-filler interaction in nanocomposites containing CNTs and single polymer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of cryo-fractured surfaces of the composites was used for visualization of the polymer layer bonded to the filler [7,8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of cryo-fractured surfaces of the composites was used for visualization of the polymer layer bonded to the filler [7,8]. Using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA) for filled rubber compounds a broad peak of the loss factor in the temperature range of the material glass transition temperature was observed and attributed to the reduced mobility of the bound polymer layer [11]. The shift of the D and G bands in the Raman spectra of the CNT composites was discussed as a result of the CNT-matrix wetting [9,10] and cation-# bonds between ionic liquid and CNTs [11].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA) for filled rubber compounds a broad peak of the loss factor in the temperature range of the material glass transition temperature was observed and attributed to the reduced mobility of the bound polymer layer [11]. The shift of the D and G bands in the Raman spectra of the CNT composites was discussed as a result of the CNT-matrix wetting [9,10] and cation-# bonds between ionic liquid and CNTs [11]. Analysis of rubber-filler gel after extraction experiments (bound rubber measurement) by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out for qualitative and quantitative characterization of the physical background of the filler-polymer interaction in carbon black or silica filled rubber compounds [12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

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Effect of rubber polarity on selective wetting of carbon nanotubes in ternary blends

Le¹,

Parsaker²,

Sriharish³

et al. 2015

Express Polym. Lett.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with special nanoscale structure combined with the high strength of the carbon-carbon bondings and a large aspect ratio opens up a wide range of new applications [1]. However, the physical properties of the CNT-polymer composites are often below expectations, because a sufficiently effective force transfer between the polymer matrix and CNTs has not yet been reached. In order to exploit the exceptional mechanical and electrical properties of CNTs in polymer composites, the filler wetting and dispersion as well as the filler-polymer interaction must be increased [2][3][4]. It is generally known, that the smaller the contact angle ! between polymer and filler, the better the wettability of the filler and the stronger the polymer-filler interaction. Although the contact angle ! can be calculated from the surface tension of the individual components of the mixture, it is not sufficient for the description of the complex wetting behavior of the filler in rubber compounding [5]. The reason is that the filler wetting is not only thermodynamically determined, but it is also a kinetic process. Due to the agglomerate structure of filler polymer chains need a certain time Abstract. Based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the rubber-filler gel (wetting concept) the kinetics of selective wetting of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in ternary styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/butadiene rubber (BR)/natural rubber (NR) blends was qualitatively and quantitatively characterized. Almost all CNTs are found to be wetted by the non-polar NR but not by the other non-polar rubber like BR or weakly polar SBR. It was proposed that phospholipids, which are linked to the "-terminal of NR can interact with the CNT surface through cation-# interactions forming strong bonding between NR and CNTs. Using the corrected surface tension value of NR, which involves the effect of phospholipids found in our previous work the selective wetting of CNTs in ternary rubber blends can be well predicted using the Z-model for a thermodynamic equilibrium state. By replacing the non-polar BR by a polar rubber like nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) as a blend component CNTs are wetted by NBR slightly more than by NR thanks to the strong interaction between CNTs and nitrile groups of NBR. SBR remains unbound to CNTs in both blends.

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Elastomers Filled with Carbon Nanotubes

2010

Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites

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Modified and unmodified multiwalled carbon nanotubes in high performance solution-styrene–butadiene and butadiene rubber blends

Cited by 282 publications

References 32 publications

Electron Spin Resonanceon Hybrid Nanocomposites Based on Natural Rubber

Electron Spin Resonanceon Hybrid Nanocomposites Based on Natural Rubber

Effect of rubber polarity on selective wetting of carbon nanotubes in ternary blends

Elastomers Filled with Carbon Nanotubes

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