Modifications of Atlantic salmon by-product oil for obtaining different ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids concentrates: An approach to comparative analysis

Abstract

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) rich 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAG), omega-3 polyunsaturated free fatty acids (ω-3 PUFFAs) concentrate, and PUFA enriched acylglycerols were prepared from salmon frame bone oil (SFBO) by enzymatic alcoholysis, urea complexation, and enzymatic esterification, respectively. The yields of 2-MAG, ω-3 PUFFAs concentrate, and PUFA enriched acylglycerols were 40.25, 16.52, and 15.65%, respectively. ω-3 PUFFAs concentrate and PUFA enriched acylglycerols showed darker red color than SFBO and 2-MAG due to aggregation of astaxanthin pigment in ω-3 PUFFAs concentrate during urea complexation. The viscosity and specific gravity of SFBO and PUFA enriched acylglycerols showed similar values whereas 2-MAG and ω-3 PUFFAs showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower values. Stability parameters like acid value, peroxide value, free fatty acid value, and p-anisidine value of SFBO and ω-3 PUFAs concentrates were within acceptable limits except extreme high acid value and free fatty acid value of ω-3 PUFFAs concentrate. Thermogravimetric analysis showed similar and higher thermal stability of SFBO and PUFA enriched acylglycerols than 2-MAG and ω-3 PUFFAs concentrate. The ω-3 PUFAs content in 2-MAG, ω-3 PUFFAs concentrate, and PUFA enriched acylglycerols was increased to 20.81, 52.96, and 51.74% respectively from 13.54% in SFBO. ω-3 PUFFAs concentrate and PUFA enriched acylglycerols showed higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity than SFBO and 2-MAG. The results obtained from this study suggest the production of PUFA enriched acylglycerols rich in ω-3 PUFAs supplements from fish oil for human and pet animals.

Concentration of Gamma‐Linolenic and Stearidonic Acids as Free Fatty Acids and Ethyl Esters from Viper's Bugloss Seed Oil by Urea Complexation

“…Urea complexation is a known method used to concentrate PUFA, based on the removal of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in a mix containing PUFA. This method is considered as the most efficient and simplest method to concentrate PUFA as FFA . Before urea complexation, TAG in the original oil must be subjected to hydrolysis or alcoholysis to yield FFA or EE, respectively.…”

“…In a recent work, commercial Echium oil was used as source to obtain a concentrate of GLA and SDA as ethyl esters (EE) using the urea complexation method, and it was reported that the process was more efficient when carried out at room temperature . Urea method is simple, cheap, easily scalable, environmental friendly and effective to concentrate such PUFA …”

Evaluation of antioxidative capacity and lipidomics profiling of big eye tuna (Thunns obesus) head soup with different colloidal particle size

“…PL is the primary structural constituent of biological membranes, possessing important physiological and biological functions, and positive nutritional properties (Shen et al , 2016). It is worth noting that the bioavailability of DHA and EPA varies depending on their exiting form (Kitson et al , 2016; Che et al , 2018; Haq et al , 2018). Therefore, identification of DHA/EPA lipid molecules can help to explore the mechanism of their bioactivates.…”

Applying Fourier Transform Mid Infrared Spectroscopy to Detect the Adulteration of Salmo salar with Oncorhynchus mykiss

“…Atlantic salmon (SS) is economically important in the daily life of consumers, since it is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically two important omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [ 1 , 2 ]. They are composed of 5–10% red muscle and 90–95% white muscle [ 3 ].…”