Despite the advantages of high contaminant removal, operational
flexibility, and technical advancements offered, the undesirable fouling
property of membranes limits their durability, thus posing restrictions
on their usage. An enormous struggle is underway to conquer this major
challenge. Most of the earlier reviews include the basic concepts
of fouling and antifouling, with respect to particular separation
processes such as ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis
and membrane bioreactors, graphene-based membranes, zwitterionic membranes,
and so on. As per our knowledge, the importance of nanofiber membranes
in challenging the fouling process has not been included in any record
to date. Nanofibers with the ability to be embedded in any medium
with a high surface to volume ratio play a key role in mitigating
the fouling of membranes, and it is important for these studies to
be critically analyzed and reported. Our Review hence intends to focus
on nanofiber membranes developed with enhanced antifouling and biofouling
properties with a brief introduction on fabrication processes and
surface and chemical modifications. A summary on surface modifications
of preformed nanofibers is given along with different nanofiller combinations
used and blend fabrication with efficacy in wastewater treatment and
antifouling abilities. In addition, future prospects and advancements
are discussed.