Modification of Wax Crystallization in Petroleum Products

Control of n-alkanes crystallization by ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymers

“…Crystals are needle-shaped when the cooling rate is fast, whereas plates form when it is slow [23]. They often exhibit spiral growth on their faces but crystals most often grow faster on lateral faces, leading to plate formation [24,25].…”

Fuel Properties and Performance of Biodiesel

“…While exact chemical structures are proprietary, the most effective additives are generally composed of low molecular weight copolymers similar in melting point to n -alkanes found in petrodiesel. These additives include a variety of polymers such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, fumarate vinyl acetate copolymers, alkenyl succinic amides, long -chain polyalkylacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyalkylmethacrylates, polyethylenes, chlorinated polyethylenes, copolymers of linear α -olefi ns with acrylic, vinylic and maleic compounds, copolymers containing esterifi ed derivatives of maleic anhydride, styrene -maleate esters and vinyl acetatemaleate esters, secondary amines, random terpolymers of α -olefi n, stearylacrylate and N -alkylmaleimide, copolymers of acrylate/methacrylate with maleic anhydride partially amidated with n -hexadecylamine, itaconate copolymers, polyethylene -polypropylene block copolymers, polyamides of linear or branched acids and copolymers of α -olefi ns, maleic anhydride copolymers, carboxy -containing interpolymers, styrene -maleic anhydride copolymers, polyoxyalkylene compounds, and copolymers with long chain alkyl groups from fatty alcohols as pendant groups (Chandler et al , 1992 ;Owen and Coley, 1990 ;Lewtas et al , 1991 ;Heraud and Pouligny, 1992 ;Brown and Gaskill, 1990 ;Machado and Lucas, 2002 ;Hipeaux et al , 2000 ;Monkenbusch et al , 2000 ;ElGamal et al , 1998 ;Davies et al , 1994 ;Lal, 1994 ;Lal et al , 1994 ;B ö hmke and Pennewiss, 1993 ;Lewtas and Block, 1993 ;Demmering et al , 1992 ;Bormann et al , 1991 ;Denis and Durand, 1991 ;Desai et al , 1991 ;M ü ller et al , 1991 ;Beiny et al , 1990 ;Damin et al , 1986 . ).…”

A Composite Additive for “Heavy” Gas-Condensate Diesel Fuel

“…The effect of pour depressants based on copolymers of higher alkyl methacrylates has now been unambiguously demonstrated [3,6]. This effect is due to the features of the mechanism of action of polymethacrylate pour depressants in DF.…”