Modification of rheological and filtration characteristics of water‐based mud for drilling oil and gas wells using green SiO ₂ @ZnO@Xanthan nanocomposite

Abstract

In this study, a green, simple and economical approach was used to synthesise the SiO 2 @ZnO@Xanthan nanocomposite (NC) to modify the rheological and filtration characteristics of the water-based drilling mud. The green synthesised NCs were identified using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, elemental mapping, X-ray diffraction and UV-Vis analytical techniques. Additionally, the effect of SiO 2 @ZnO@Xanthan NCs on the filtration and rheological properties of mud including apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield point, gel strength, mud cake and fluid loss was investigated. The obtained results confirmed that the synthesised NCs effectively improved the rheological properties of drilling mud, and considerably decreased its fluid loss and filter cake by about 54 and 92.5%, respectively. The results highly recommend the SiO 2 @ZnO@Xanthan NC as an excellent additive to improve the rheological properties, and reduce the fluid loss and the filter cake of the drilling mud.

Synergistic Effect of Nanoinhibitive Drilling Fluid on the Shale Swelling Performance at High Temperature and High Pressure

“…Several researchers have reported using NP-based drilling fluids to improve rheological properties, plugging characteristics, and shale formation inhibition − (see Table ). According to William et al, incorporating CuO and ZnO NPs into drilling fluids improves viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity .…”

Development of a Nanobiodegradable Drilling Fluid Using Prosopis farcta Plant and Pomegranate Peel Powders with Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

“…The base drilling fluid sample was essentially composed of water (base fluid) and bentonite in addition to other additives, such as caustic soda (NaOH) for controlling alkalinity, soda ash (Na 2 CO 3 ) for treating contamination by Ca ions, and starch, which is a fluid loss agent. The drilling fluid base samples are prepared with an API-SPEC-13A-2010 standard in accordance with a recent published paper by Ali et al 18 …”

“…The base drilling fluid sample was essentially composed of water (base fluid) and bentonite in addition to other additives, such as caustic soda (NaOH) for controlling alkalinity, soda ash (Na 2 CO 3 ) for treating contamination by Ca ions, and starch, which is a fluid loss agent. The drilling fluid base samples are prepared with an API-SPEC-13A-2010 standard in accordance with a recent published paper by Ali et al 18 The base drilling fluid was mixed for 30 min using a 3-speed Type GM20 Hamilton Beach mixer. The concentrations of the materials used for preparing 400 mL of the base drilling fluid are shown in Table 2.…”

Green synthesise of CuO@Fe 3 O 4 @Xantan nanocomposites and its application in enhanced oil recovery by considering IFT and wettability behaviours

“…Ali et al [21] obtained a huge reduction in IFT (93%), significant alteration in wettability towards a water-wet system and high improvement in oil recovery (19.3%) from using a green-synthesised ZnO/SiO 2 /Xanthan NC due to creating better interactions between crude oilpolymer -NPscarbonate rocks. Afterwards, we synthesised some more green NCs for the petroleum and EOR applications [22][23][24]. In addition, several researchers synthesised iron NPs using a green method from the plant extract, such as Madhavi et al [25] used the leaf extracts of Eucalyptus globules, Kuang et al [26] used the tea extract, Muthukumar and Matheswaran [27] used the extract of the Amaranthus spinosus leaf, Sajadi et al [28] used the aqueous extract from seeds of Silybum marianum, Groiss et al [29] used the leaf extract of Cynometra ramiflora plant, Sajadi et al [30] used the Euphorbia peplus Linn leaf, and the extract of Eichhornia crassipes used by Wei et al [31].…”