“…Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. membranes, which can be mainly classified into surface modification, nanoparticle incorporation and blending modification (Fang et al, 2009;Li et al, 2010;Nady et al, 2011). Surface modification is usually achieved by coating or grafting a functional layer on the prepared membrane surface, in which most of the modified sites occurred on the top and/or bottom surface of the membrane, excluding the pores inside the membrane, due to the limited diffusion ability of the modifying agents into the membrane pores (Zou et al, 2011).…”