Modification of icy planetesimals by early thermal evolution and collisions: Constraints for formation time and initial size of comets and small KBOs

Abstract

Comets and small Kuiper belt objects are considered to be among the most primitive objects in the solar system as comets like C/1995 O1 Hale-Bopp are rich in highly volatile ices like CO. It has been suggested that early in the solar system evolution the precursors of both groups, the so-called icy planetesimals, were modified by both short-lived radiogenic heating and collisional heating. Here we employ 2D finite-difference numerical models to study the internal thermal evolution of these objects, where we vary formation time, radius and rock-to-ice mass fraction. Additionally we perform 3D SPH collision models with different impact parameters, thus considering both cratering and catastrophic disruption events. Combining the results of both numerical models we estimate under which conditions highly volatile ices like CO, CO 2 and NH 3 can be retained inside present-day comets and Kuiper belt objects. Our results indicate that for present-day objects de-