Modification of glass reinforced epoxy composites by ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and melamine polyphosphate (PNA) during the resin powder molding process

Matykiewicz, Danuta; Przybyszewski, Bartłomiej; Stanik, Rafał; Czulak, A.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.10.003

Cited by 41 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…For a filler concentration above 2%, the particles were agglomerating in composites and the mechanical properties decreased. In turn, glass/epoxy composites that were modified with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and melamine polyphosphate (PNA) at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 wt.% and manufactured by the resin powder molding process were studied in [63]. Especially for samples containing 5 wt.%, the tensile strength and thermal stability of the hybrids increased, like in APP and PNA.…”

Section: Hybrid Epoxy Composites Reinforced With Glass Fibermentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Epoxy Composites with Both Powder and Fiber Filler: A Review of Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties

Matykiewicz

2020

Materials

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Fiber-reinforced epoxy composites are used in various branches of industry because of their favorable strength and thermal properties, resistance to chemical and atmospheric conditions, as well as low specific gravity. This review discusses the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of hybrid epoxy composites that were reinforced with glass, carbon, and basalt fabric modified with powder filler. The modification of the epoxy matrix mainly leads to an improvement in its adhesion to the layers of reinforcing fibers in the form of laminate fabrics. Some commonly used epoxy matrix modifiers in powder form include carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanoclay, silica, and natural fillers. Fiber fabric reinforcement can be unidirectional, multidirectional, biaxial, or have plain, twill, and satin weave, etc. Commonly used methods of laminating epoxy composites are hand lay-up process, resin transfer molding, vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, and hot or cold pressing. The following review is a valuable source of information on multiscale epoxy composites due to the multitude of technological and material solutions.

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Section: Hybrid Epoxy Composites Reinforced With Glass Fibermentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Epoxy Composites with Both Powder and Fiber Filler: A Review of Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties

Matykiewicz

2020

Materials

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“…At present, research on reducing the flammability of polymers focuses on seeking for environment friendly flame retardants containing preferably such elements as nitrogen, phosphorus, boron, and silicon. The most commonly used flame retardants additives are phosphorus and nitrogen compounds such as: ammonium polyphosphate [4][5][6], melamine polyphosphate [7,8] and aluminum phosphinates [9,10]. The addition in the range 10-20 wt % allow to obtain fire-resistant composites.…”

Section: Ognioodporne Kompozyty Epoksydowe Wzmocnione Tkaniną Szklanąmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire resistant glass fabric-epoxy composites with reduced smoke emission

et al. 2019

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In this article a preparation method of epoxy resin/glass fabric composites with reduced flammability and smoke emission was presented. For this purpose the two groups of powder-epoxy compositions containing: (1) melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlDPi); (2) ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and dipentaerythritol (DPE) were used as matrices in six-ply glass fabric reinforced composites. The flame retardants content was 25 wt %. In addition, the 10-15 wt % of zinc borate (ZB) as a smoke reducing agent was added to each compositions. The flame resistant and smoke emission of prepared laminates designed for application in public transport components were evaluated. It was found that with the increase of zinc borate content, the emission of fumes decreased. The lowest maximum of specific optical density (D s max = 312.2), specific optical density in the first 4 minutes of the test [D s (4) = 304.1] and cumulative specific optical densities in the first 4 minutes of the test (VOF 4 = 707.6 min) have been achieved for composite containing 10 wt % of MPP, 15 wt % of AlDPi and 15 wt % of ZB. Furthermore, this composite was characterized by V0 class by UL94 test, limiting oxygen index LOI = 36.8 % and maximum average rate of heat emission MAHRE = 80 kW/m 2 .

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“…In order to improve the safety of use of plastics, they are subjected to chemical modifications or, more often, flame retardants are added to increase the thermal stability and slow down the combustion process . The fast‐growing market of flame retardants at the beginning of the present decade reached a level of 2 million tons per year and is constantly thriving.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal stability, fire behavior, and fumes emission of polyethylene nanocomposites with halogen‐free fire retardants

et al. 2017

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The synergism between nanoparticles and different kinds of halogen-free fire retardants leading to reduction in flammability and smoke generation of polyethylene was investigated. The composites were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, oxygen index test, cone calorimeter measurements, and a single-chamber test. Moreover, the semivolatile and volatile compounds evolved in the thermal degradation processes of polyethylene were determined using a steady state tube furnace and gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer. Morphological and structural characteristics as well as thermomechanical properties of the composites were characterized using various techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The obtained data were compared to the results received for polyethylene and polymer with bromine-containing fire retardants. The incorporation of nanofillers and halogen-free fire retardants caused a reduction in combustibility as a consequence of the formation of char.Furthermore, the presence of nanoparticles has a beneficial effect on the inhibition of dripping. The polyethylene with carbon nanotubes, zinc borate, and aluminum hydroxide exhibited better combined properties of fire behavior and production of nontoxic smoke compared to the remaining composition and reference materials. K E Y W O R D Scombustibility, fire retardancy, nanocomposites, polyethylene, synergistic effects

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Modification of glass reinforced epoxy composites by ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and melamine polyphosphate (PNA) during the resin powder molding process

Cited by 41 publications

References 33 publications

Hybrid Epoxy Composites with Both Powder and Fiber Filler: A Review of Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties

Hybrid Epoxy Composites with Both Powder and Fiber Filler: A Review of Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties

Fire resistant glass fabric-epoxy composites with reduced smoke emission

Thermal stability, fire behavior, and fumes emission of polyethylene nanocomposites with halogen‐free fire retardants

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