Modification of expanded clay carrier for enhancing the immobilization and nitrogen removal capacity of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in the aquaculture system

Multilayer immobilizing of denitrifying Bacillus sp. and TiO2–AgNPs on floating expanded clay carrier for co-treatment of nitrite and pathogens in aquaculture

“…This procedure would form numerous holes inside the EC due to the swelling of the molten at high temperatures, and its porosity structure was fixed during the rapid cooling process. 30 Specific surface areas, pore volume, and pore size of the EC samples were determined using N 2 physisorption isotherms at 77 K (Tristar-3030 system, Micromeritics-USA). To initial estimate the Ti and Ag content that existed in the EC carrier, the Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of the EC material was carried out utilizing PerkinElmer's Nexion 2000 (USA) equipment.…”

Advances in Nitrogen-Rich Wastewater Treatment: A Comprehensive Review of Modern Technologies

“…It was highlighted that the high removal rates of ammonia and nitrite were due to the presence of an abundance of anammox bacteria. Nguyen et al [81] enhanced the SND process by coating clay biocarriers with alginate and essential nutrients. In such configurations, the 15 mL batch reactors, operated for 24 h at room temperatures and with a pH in the range of 7-8, showed %RE TN , %RE NH4 , and %RE NO2 treatment efficiencies of 92%, 84%, and 99%, respectively.…”

Heterotrophic Nitrification–Aerobic Denitrification by Bacillus sp. L2: Mechanism of Denitrification and Strain Immobilization

“…Peanut shell-kaolin (PSK) carriers were prepared according to method described by [20] with some modifications. An amount of 7 g of kaolin powder and 1 g of peanut shell powder were mixed thoroughly, and then water was introduced into the mixture to attain optimal plasticity.…”

“…These porous PSK particles were used as carriers for strain L2. Strain L2 was inoculated in 100 mL of LB medium at an inoculum ratio of 1% (V/V) and incubated at 30 • C and 160 rpm for 12 h. To immobilize the bacterial strain on the PSK carriers, the carriers were submerged in a bacterial mixture consistent with the conditions described above and incubated for 12 h. The density of the bacterial cells adhering to the PSK carrier was consistent with the method described by [20]. A total of 10 mL of LB solution pre-cultured with strain L2 was centrifuged (12,900× g, 5 min) and washed three times with PBS.…”

“…In addition, the emergence of microbial immobilization techniques has improved the nitrification efficiency of strains, and these techniques have been widely used [19]. The immobilization of HN-AD bacteria is known to involve a variety of carriers, such as porous ceramic carriers [20], polymer polyvinyl alcohol carriers [21], and graphene oxide carriers [22]. Immobilized carriers are essential for practical engineering applications and the scaling-up of wastewater treatment.…”