Modification of a Smoking Motivation Questionnaire for Chinese Medical Students

Abstract

Introduction: Smoking prevalence among the medical students is high in China. Therefore, understanding the smoking motivations of medical students is crucial for smoking control, but currently there are no scales questionnaires customized for probing the smoking motivations of medical students. This aim of study was to test and modify a questionnaire for investigating smoking motivations among medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1,125 medical students at Xuzhou Medical College in China in 2012.The model fit and validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the reliability was tested by single-item reliability, composite reliability, and item-total correlation. Results: The prevalence of smoking was 9.84 % among study population. In the modified scales, the global fit indices identified a CFI value of 0.96, TLI was 0.96, and the RMSEA was 0.063. CFA supported the two dimensional structure of the instrument. The average variance extracted ranged from 0.45 to 0.62. All single-item reliability scores were greater than 0.20, and the composite reliability ranged from 0.74 to 0.91. Conclusion: Modified scales could be the preliminary instrument used in evaluating the smoking motivations of medical students. However, it should be further assessed using other forms and methods of validity and reliability, additional motivations of smoking, and the survey of other medical colleges in China.

Current Smoking Behavior Among Medical Students in Mainland China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Of these studies, 33 studies used duplicated data; 79 did not specify definitions/measures of smoking behaviors; 26 did not provide data on current smoking; 1 was not conducted in mainland China; and 10 used an irrelevant study design. After removal of these studies, a total of 79 studies published between 1990 and 2016 were included in this systematic review; 74 of these publications were in Chinese and 5 in English 11,26-29 (Figure 1).…”

“…Eighteen studies (22.7%) were conducted in 1988 to 1999, 11,26,30-45 14 (17.7%) in 2000 to 2009, 14,46-58 and 11 (13.9%) in 2010 to 2014. 28,29,59-67 By region, 33 studies (41.8%) were conducted in the east of China,* 14 (17.7%) in the central region, † 13 (16.5%) in the west, ‡ and 2 in multiple regions. 29,96 The samples of most studies included both female and male subjects (n = 65), among which males were ⩾50% of the sample in 42 studies (53.2%), and 7 (8.9%) did not specify the gender distribution § ; 12 studies included only male medical students ‖ and 1 study included only females.…”

“…Moreover, 36 studies (45.5%) did not specify the study date and 17 (21.5%) did not specify the study site, while 31 studies (39.2%) used convenience or nonrandom sampling and the methods of data collection were unreported or unclear in 14 studies (17.7%). ¶28,37,38,41,42,46,49,68,69,71,85,97,99,100 Sample sizes ranged from 59 97 to 7135, 96 and 42 studies (53.2%) had a sample size larger than 700. Responses rates ranged from 79.2% to 100%, while 15 (19.0%) did not specify the response rates.…”

“…References 11, 26-28, 31, 33, 34, 36-38, 41, 43-45, 48, 51-53, 55-70, 72, 73, 76-78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86-90, 92-94, 99-102.…”

Psychometric Testing of Two Chinese-Version Scales on Attitudes Toward and Caregiving Behaviors for End-of-Life Patients and Families

“…AVE measures the average amount of variance captured by a construct in contrast to variance from measurement error. The AVE for each construct can be obtained by summing the squares of completely standardized factor loadings and dividing by this sum plus the total error variance for indicators (Carter, 2016; Jiang et al, 2014). The AVE and CR of the three Chinese-version FATCOD loading factors are (a) respecting and caring for dying patients and families (AVE = .53, CR = .92), (b) avoiding care of the dying (AVE = .46, CR = .91), and (c) involving patients and families in EOL care (AVE = .33, CR = .74).…”