Modification of a medical linac to a polymer irradiation facility

Duijneveldt, W. van; Botman, J.I.M.; Timmermans, CJ; Leeuw, R.W. de

doi:10.1016/0168-583x(93)95488-q

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Further details can be found in the literature. [10][11][12] For the batch reactions a cylindrical, thermostated, doublewall quartz cell of 5 mL volume was used. The inner cell had a diameter of 2.5 cm and a height of 2 cm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pulsed Electron Beam Initiation in Emulsion Polymerization

Pusch

Herk

2005

Macromolecules

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Electron irradiation as an alternative to chemical initiation in emulsion polymerization is a well-known but not widely used technique. Accelerated electrons create the initiating radical species by scission of molecules that are present in the reaction mixture. The initiation mechanism in detail is so far not completely understood due to the broad variety of radical species that are created by the electron beam. The pulsed electron beam polymerization (PEBP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), and butyl methacrylate (BMA) was analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to shine light onto the main initiating species of the PEBP but also on the polymer decomposition that occurred under pulsed electron beam irradiation. Hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals were identified as the main initiating species in polymerization of the investigated monomers. An increasing degree of initiation by monomer radicals was observed with decreasing water solubility of the polymerized monomer.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pulse repetition rate was varied between 10, 25, and 50 Hz. Further details can be found in the literature. − …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulsed Electron Beam Initiation in Emulsion Polymerization

Pusch

Herk

2005

Macromolecules

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“…The linear electron accelerator (LINAC) of the Eindhoven University of Technology, used for the present work, is based on a modified35, 36 medical accelerator Philips SL 75‐5.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

About crosslinking of low molecular weight ethylene‐propylene(‐diene) copolymer‐based artificial latices

Tillier

Meuldijk

Magusin

et al. 2005

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

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Crosslinking of artificial latices based on ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPM) and/or ethylene-propylene-diene copolymers (EPDM) has not thoroughly been studied yet. Moreover, crosslinking of EPM and/or EPDM particles is a prerequisite for the formation of a shell using seeded emulsion polymerization of, for example, methyl methacrylate (MMA), as described elsewhere. Therefore, the aim of this article is to improve the general understanding of the chemistry involved in the crosslinking process. This work especially emphasizes the influence of the initiation method, that is, a peroxide or a pulsed electron-beam, on crosslinking efficiency. All crosslinking efficiencies were obtained after extraction of the soluble polymer by tetrahydrofuran. The incorporation of the coagent, that is, divinylbenzene, into the EPM/EPDM phase was studied on a microscopic level by solid-state 13 C and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Crosslinking of a low molecular weight EPM/ EPDM latex requires the presence of a coagent, for example, divinylbenzene, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, or poly(1,2-butadiene). The efficiency of crosslinking initiated by a pulsed electron-beam was improved to a great extent by the presence, in the aqueous phase, of potassium nitrosodisulfonate, also referred to as Fremy salt. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was used to determine the influence of electron-beam irradiation on the chemical stability of surfactants. It was demonstrated that sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) is not degraded by the irradiation, and is therefore the surfactant of choice for the stabilization of EPM/EPDM-based latices subjected to electron-beam irradiation. V V C 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3600-3615, 2005

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“…The pulse repetition rate was varied between 10, 25, and 50 Hz. Further details can be found in the literature. − …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsion Polymerization of Novel Transparent Latices by Pulsed Electron Beam Initiation

Pusch

Herk

2005

Macromolecules

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The use of electron irradiation as an alternative to chemical initiation in emulsion polymerization is a well-known but not widely used technique. The pulsed electron beam polymerization (PEBP) allows the synthesis of unique latices with small particle sizes at low surfactant concentrations. PEBP of methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), vinyl acetate (VAc), and styrene (Sty) was performed with regard to the production of transparent latices at low surfactant concentrations. The development of novel polymers with the focus on bio- and nanomaterials is intensely investigated nowadays, and the developed latices might find an application in this area. The reason for the formation of small sized latex particles was identified in the high radical flux applied to the system by the high-frequency pulsed electron beam (PEB) resulting in a high degree of low molecular weight polymeric material. The presence of hydroxy-functionalized polymer chains seems to colloidally stabilize small latex particles and prevent coagulation even at low surfactant concentrations. A high k p in combination with a good water solubility of the monomer enhanced the possibility for the formation of transparent latices by PEBP.

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Modification of a medical linac to a polymer irradiation facility

Cited by 5 publications

References 2 publications

Pulsed Electron Beam Initiation in Emulsion Polymerization

Pulsed Electron Beam Initiation in Emulsion Polymerization

About crosslinking of low molecular weight ethylene‐propylene(‐diene) copolymer‐based artificial latices

Emulsion Polymerization of Novel Transparent Latices by Pulsed Electron Beam Initiation

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