Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for COVID-19: results from UK Biobank

Ho, Frederick K; Celis‐Morales, Carlos; Gray, Stuart R.; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Hastie, Claire E.; Lyall, Donald M.; Ferguson, Lyn D; Berry, Colin; Mackay, Daniel; Gill, Jason M.R.; Pell, Jill P.; Sattar, Naveed; Welsh, Paul

doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.20083295

Cited by 53 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…We identified 20 studies that assessed the association between individuals with obesity and COVID‐19, all but two of which showed that individuals with obesity significantly increase the risk of COVID‐19 (Table S3). 25–43 One study in Denmark showed that the prevalence of overweight and individuals with obesity was lower in SARS‐CoV‐2 positive cases than SARS‐CoV‐2 test‐negative individuals (8.6% vs. 9.9%) 44 . The results may be biased because body weight status was determined at hospital discharge.…”

Section: Epidemiological Relationships: Individuals With Overweight Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Individuals with obesity and COVID‐19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships

et al. 2020

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Summary The linkage of individuals with obesity and COVID‐19 is controversial and lacks systematic reviews. After a systematic search of the Chinese and English language literature on COVID‐19, 75 studies were used to conduct a series of meta‐analyses on the relationship of individuals with obesity–COVID‐19 over the full spectrum from risk to mortality. A systematic review of the mechanistic pathways for COVID‐19 and individuals with obesity is presented. Pooled analysis show individuals with obesity were more at risk for COVID‐19 positive, >46.0% higher (OR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.30–1.65; p < 0.0001); for hospitalization, 113% higher (OR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.74–2.60; p < 0.0001); for ICU admission, 74% higher (OR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.46–2.08); and for mortality, 48% increase in deaths (OR = 1.48; 95% CI, 1.22–1.80; p < 0.001). Mechanistic pathways for individuals with obesity are presented in depth for factors linked with COVID‐19 risk, severity and their potential for diminished therapeutic and prophylactic treatments among these individuals. Individuals with obesity are linked with large significant increases in morbidity and mortality from COVID‐19. There are many mechanisms that jointly explain this impact. A major concern is that vaccines will be less effective for the individuals with obesity.

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Section: Epidemiological Relationships: Individuals With Overweight Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Individuals with obesity and COVID‐19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships

et al. 2020

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“…20 These 2 risk factors tend to adversely affect outcome of COVID-19 disease as well as lupus and other systemic autoimmune diseases. [21][22][23] These reports suggest that gender, ethnicity, BMI and smoking affect type I IFN secretion. Hence, male gender, African ancestry, high BMI and smoking are risk factors for severe or critical COVID-19 disease 21 ; interestingly, these are also risk factors for severe lupus.…”

Section: F I G U R E 1 Comparison Of Demographic and Clinical Charactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[21][22][23] These reports suggest that gender, ethnicity, BMI and smoking affect type I IFN secretion. Hence, male gender, African ancestry, high BMI and smoking are risk factors for severe or critical COVID-19 disease 21 ; interestingly, these are also risk factors for severe lupus. In addition to TLR7 and STING, TLR3 also contributes protective immune response against SARS-CoV infection in early disease through TRIF-mediated signaling and induction of IFN-β.…”

Section: F I G U R E 1 Comparison Of Demographic and Clinical Charactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding immunopathological fallout of human coronavirus infections including COVID‐19: Will they cross the path of rheumatologists?

Kabeerdoss

Danda

2020

Int J of Rheum Dis

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the biggest pandemic of our lifetime to date. No effective treatment is yet in sight for this catastrophic illness. Several antiviral agents and vaccines are in clinical trials, and drug repurposings as immediate and alternative choices are also under consideration. Immunomodulatory agents like hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as well as biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) such as tocilizumab and anakinra received worldwide attention for treatment of critical patients with COVID-19. This is of interest to rheumatologists, who are well versed with rational use of these agents. This brief review addresses the understandings of some of the common immunopathogenetic mechanisms in the context of autoimmune rheumatic diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and COVID-19. Apart from demographic comparisons, the role of type I interferons (IFN), presence of antiphospholipid antibodies and finally mechanism of action of HCQ in both the scenarios are discussed here. High risks for fatal disease in COVID-19 include older age, metabolic syndrome, male gender, and individuals who develop delayed type I IFN response. HCQ acts by different mechanisms including prevention of cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 and inhibition of type I IFN signaling. Recent controversies regarding efficacy of HCQ in management of COVID-19 warrant more studies in that direction. Autoantibodies were also reported in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) as well as in COVID-19. Rheumatologists need to wait and see whether SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers development of autoimmunity in patients with COVID-19 infection in the long run.

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“…Increasing evidence indicates that obesity is an independent risk factor for severe illness and death from covid-19 123456. In the UK, a population cohort study (428 225 participants; 340 admitted to hospital with confirmed covid-19, 44% of whom were overweight and 34% obese)1 and the OpenSAFELY study using linked electronic health records (17 425 445 participants, 5683 covid-19 deaths (29% overweight, 33% obese))2 have shown a dose-response relation between excess weight and severity of covid-19. After potential confounders, including age, sex, ethnicity, and social deprivation, were adjusted for, the relative risk of critical illness from covid-19 increased by 44% for people who were overweight (relative risk 1.44, 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.92) and almost doubled for those with obesity (1.97, 1.46 to 2.65) in the cohort study 1…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and covid-19: the role of the food industry

Tan

MacGregor

2020

BMJ

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Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for COVID-19: results from UK Biobank

Abstract: Background

Cited by 53 publications

References 32 publications

Individuals with obesity and COVID‐19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships

Individuals with obesity and COVID‐19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships

Understanding immunopathological fallout of human coronavirus infections including COVID‐19: Will they cross the path of rheumatologists?

Obesity and covid-19: the role of the food industry

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