Modifiable and Non-modifiable Risk Factors Affecting Oral and Periodontal Health and Quality of Life in South Asia

Abstract

Objectives: The study aimed to review the prevalence of periodontal disease and associated factors among developing South Asian countries. The review was also aimed at providing an insight into how such factors play a role in affecting the Quality of life of patients with compromised oral health. Background: It has been observed that Oral health directly correlates with the Quality of life of an individual, so it is imperative to understand this, particularly in the developing parts of the world. Methods: A MeSH keyword search was carried out with the keywords: Periodontal diseases, Oral Health, Public Health, Asia, QoL, Quality of Life, Southeast Asia, Tobacco, and Risk Factors, and based on the findings, this detailed review was compiled. Results: The South Asian population forms 24.89% of the world population, while periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition that affects 11% of the globe. Several studies previously conducted across developing countries have shown that various factors like the socioeconomic status of an individual, smoking habit, consumption of alcohol, hypertension, history of diabetes, obesity, and stress are indirectly related to the onset of periodontal disease. Characteristics associated with specific populations like ethnicity, behavioral characteristics, and environmental factors may affect causing periodontitis. Conclusion: Dental practitioners in this region should consider risk factors that can be altered significantly to uplift the periodontal health status of an individual, which is not being considered in many developing countries.

Salivary macrophage chemokines as potential biomarkers of gingivitis

“…Periodontal pathogens are widely recognized to be responsible for the onset and deterioration of the periodontal conditions, which triggers the host immune response and inflammation to protect against these pathogens [9][10][11]. In addition, risk factors for the progression to periodontal disease are poor oral hygiene, aging, male gender, diabetes, low socioeconomic status, education level, consumption of alcohol and tobacco [12].…”

Fewer Children in Families Associated with Lower Odds of Early Childhood Caries: A Sample from Three Countries

“…While the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on sugar intake recommend no added sugar consumption under age 2 and afterwards less than 5% of intake from free sugars, the majority of children worldwide and in LMICsparticularly in Latin America and Asia-consume added sugars earlier and in greater quantity and frequency than recommended, contributing to dental caries as well as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancers [57][58][59]. This suggests a critical need for healthier food environments and oral health and nutrition literacy for families [60,61]. Overall, we found that children in larger families were less likely to be cavity-free, but more likely to have had a dental visit, which we believe is consistent with our findings from a separate analysis of this sample that families primarily seek dental care for dental problems (usually dental pain due to caries) rather than for disease prevention [62].…”

Potential Impact of Prosthetic Biomaterials on the Periodontium: A Comprehensive Review

“…An ideal prosthetic treatment should not only be limited in restoring function and esthetics in the patient, but also achieve a healthy relationship with the periodontal tissues [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. Thus, there are some factors that influence periodontal health such as cervical emergence profile, periodontal phenotype, biological thickness, materials and fabrication method of the restoration, prosthetic margin location, prepared tooth finish line, cementing materials and marginal and internal fit [ 10 , 12 , 52 ].…”