Modes of referral of overseas immigrant and native-born first admissions to psychiatric hospital

Schizophrenia and Migration: A Meta-Analysis and Review

“…Eighteen studies met our criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis: eight first-contact incidence studies (3,10,11,13,15,16,27,30) that included both inpatients and outpatients and 10 hospital-based first-admissions studies (4,14,17,18,28,29,(31)(32)(33)(34), four of which were national register studies (4,18,29,34). One study was conducted in Australia (31), and the remainder in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden.…”

“…Five studies used semistructured diagnostic interviews (3,10,11,15,16). Nonstandardized systems of diagnostic criteria were used in six studies (17,18,28,(30)(31)(32). Almost all of the effect sizes implied higher risks for migrants than for nonmigrants.…”

A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants

“…Study characteristics are presented in Table 1 and their effect sizes are listed in Table 2. Among the retrieved studies, nine were conducted in the UK (Rwegellera, 1977 ;Hitch & Clegg, 1980 ;Bebbington et al 1981 ;Dean et al 1981 ;Cochrane & Bal, 1987 ;Harrison et al 1988 ;Castle et al 1991 ;Thomas et al 1993 ;Coid et al 2008), three in The Netherlands (Selten & Sijben, 1994 ;Selten et al 1997 ;Veling et al 2006), three in Sweden (Zolkowska et al 2001 ;Leao et al 2006), two in Israel (Corcoran et al 2008 ;Weiser et al 2008), two in Denmark (Cantor-Graae et al 2003 ;Cantor-Graae & Pedersen, 2007), one in Australia (Krupinski & Cochrane, 1980) and one in Canada (Smith et al 2006). …”

The mental health of Asians in Britain: A research note

“…Pinto (1970) and McGovern and Cope (1987) found an excess of compulsory admissions among Asian samples, but others (Hitch and Clegg 1980;Shaikh 1985) found no differences.…”

“…Brewin went on to speculate that the reason why psychiatric referrals and hospitalisation among Asians remained low was because GPs failed to recognise the symptoms of mental illness among patients from a different culture. On the other hand, Asian patients can fail to communicate with their doctor in a manner which enables him to 'read the signs' of mental illness (Hitch and Clegg 1980). More recent work has suggested that Asian patients are satisfied with the general practitioner service.…”