Modernising the misinformation effect: the development of a new stimulus set

Takarangi, Melanie K. T.; Parker, Sophie; Garry, Maryanne

doi:10.1002/acp.1209

Cited by 78 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…For misled items, the proportion of correct responses was substantially lower than performance for control items, and even fell below chance level (50%), demonstrating that participants were strongly inclined to report misinformation rather than event information. Furthermore, consistent with previous studies (Loftus et al, 1989;Takarangi et al, 2006), responses in the misled condition were endorsed with higher confidence ratings compared to responses in the control condition (see Table 4.1).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 79%

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Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Hardwicke¹

2017

Preprint

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The human memory system must resolve a critical tension, ensuring that knowledge endures over time (persistence), whilst simultaneously retaining a capacity for updating when knowledge is outdated or erroneous (plasticity). In this thesis, I examine the provocative idea that memory traces can be overwritten with new information, especially during transient periods of retrieval-induced plasticity that occur when a trace undergoes reconsolidation. A systematic review of human reconsolidation studies finds that the evidentiary support for this claim is remarkably tenuous. Furthermore, the theory fails to survive several strong empirical tests. In Experiments 1-7, I do not replicate a previous finding that is widely cited as a convincing demonstration of human reconsolidation. In Experiments 8-10, I revisit the ‘destructive updating’ account of the classic ‘misinformation effect’ in the context of reconsolidation theory. These experiments show that the effect can be eliminated when an appropriate recognition test is used, demonstrating that event traces are not irrecoverably lost, and therefore cannot have been overwritten during reconsolidation. In Experiment 11, I examine whether prior retrieval will help or hinder the correction of naturally occurring semantic misconceptions. Contrary to reconsolidation theory, I find that knowledge updating is not contingent on memory retrieval, nor does it result in the overwriting of prior knowledge.Finally, in the context of media ‘breaking news’ reports (Experiment 12), I find that the provision of an explicit retraction message, coupled with an alternative account with high causal coverage, is insufficient to eliminate reliance on false information. Finally, I contend that the widespread proliferation of ad hoc hypotheses, and the absence of systematic direct replication, has caused the field of reconsolidation to descend into a theoretical quagmire.I make several recommendations based on the principles of open science that may help to restore mechanisms of self-correction and foster genuine theoretical progress.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Participants were told that they were participating in a study investigating 'visual and verbal learning modes' (after Takarangi et al, 2006), instructed to rely only on their memory, and asked not to write down any information.…”

Section: General Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Hardwicke¹

2017

Preprint

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“…Participants watched a 6 minutes 28 seconds DVD of 'Eric the electrician', an electrician who stole personal items while at a client's house (see Takarangi, Parker, & Garry, 2006, for more details). Half the participants watched version 1; the other half watched version 2.…”

Section: Sessionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Adult Witnesses' Suggestibility Across Various Types of Leading Questions

Sharman

Powell²

2011

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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The current study directly compared witnesses' susceptibility to suggestion across various structures of misleading interview questions. We examined four question structures that varied on numerous dimensions; whether they narrowed the response option to yes or no, whether they included highly specific detail about the witnessed event and whether they presumed the information being suggested to be true. Susceptibility to misinformation was measured by witnesses' responses to the initial interview questions and their responses to subsequent recognition questions. Interview questions that narrowed the response option and contained specific details and questions that encouraged broader responses but presumed certain information were found to be the most harmful. Participants were more likely to agree with the misleading suggestions contained in these question structures-and more likely to falsely report those suggested details at subsequent interview-than misleading suggestions contained in other question structures. The implications are discussed.

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“…Participants first watched a video that has frequently been used in false memory research (Takarangi, Parker, & Garry, 2006). In this 6-minute video, a tradesman (called Eric) enters an unoccupied home to do some electrical jobs.…”

Section: Design and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of Differential Mnemonic Effects of False Denials and Forced Confabulations

Otgaar

Howe

Memon

2014

Behavioral Sci & The Law

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Citation:Otgaar, H., Howe, M. L., Memon, A. & Wang, J. (2014). The development of differential mnemonic effects of false denials and forced confabulations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 32(6), pp. 718-731. doi: 10.1002/bsl.2148 This is the accepted version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent AbstractThe current experiment was designed to assess the mnemonic consequences of false denials and forced confabulations. Children (6-to 8-and 10-to 12-year-olds) and adults viewed a video and their memory and belief about the event were tested. Participants were then divided into three groups. In the Cued Recall condition, participants were asked to answer true-and false-event questions, but could choose not to respond if they did not know the answer. In the Forced Confabulation group, participants received the same set of questions, but were forced to answer all of them. In the False Denial group, participants were instructed to falsely deny in response to each question. One week later, participants received a source memory test, and they had to provide memory and belief ratings once more. Forced confabulations resulted in false memories in the youngest group. Moreover, our analyses showed that repeated false denials led to children and adults to be highly inclined to falsely deny that they had talked to the experimenter about certain presented details when in fact they had done so. Furthermore, false denial and nonbelieved memory rates were more pronounced in younger than in older children and adults.Our results imply that denying experienced events is not a good strategy in an interviewing setting as it adversely affects memory statements about the interview.

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Modernising the misinformation effect: the development of a new stimulus set

Cited by 78 publications

References 17 publications

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

A Comparison of Adult Witnesses' Suggestibility Across Various Types of Leading Questions

The Development of Differential Mnemonic Effects of False Denials and Forced Confabulations

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