Modern trends of impact on economic development of countries: e-commerce and R&D

Abstract

The rapid development of information technology provides high growth rates of e-commerce. Today, e-business plays an important role in the structure of economies of advanced countries. In Ukraine, it develops more slowly than in neighbouring countries due to economic, social and political instability, low purchasing capacity of the population, lower demand for goods and services, devaluation of hryvnia, currency fluctuations, etc. However, domestic economists predict that the importance of e-commerce for the Ukrainian economy will increase annually. In such circumstances, the issue of identifying relationships between e-commerce and investment in research and development with the country's economic development becomes relevant as well as finding of tools for measuring the extent of e-commerce's impact on economic growth. The aim of the article is to construct a set of economic and mathematical models to assess the impact of e-commerce and investment in research and development on the country's economic development. Comparing the results of modelling in three countries, it has been determined that the value of e-commerce and R&D expenditures is more significant for GDP per capita growth in Ukraine and Poland due to the higher level of ICT development in Austria and its approximation to the saturation point relative to the growth rates of innovation industries. While comparing the levels of exposure to e-commerce and R&D costs in these countries, it was found that e-commerce occupies the first position only in Austria. While analysing the parameters of the models of three countries, it has been determined that GDP per capita is the most sensitive to changes in the indicators in the Ukrainian model. That demonstrates that the economy of Ukraine is less stable compared to Poland and Austria. Expenditure on R&D and e-commerce has a significant impact on the country's economic development and contributes to increasing of gross domestic product and productivity of manufacture.

Services as a Determinant of Botswana’s Economic Sustainability

“…A well and efficiently set up services system is key to how an economy of a country is most likely to perform as it promotes and majorly influences other sectors such as the agriculture sector as well as other secondary sectors [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. In the absence of services such as insurance, transport, finance, tourism, marketing, or telecommunications, it would be difficult or almost impossible for other sectors to efficiently operate or even be competitive in the international market [ 5 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. It is worth noting that the service sector also contributes to job creation in a country, as was the case in most developing countries where structural changes in terms of employment were witnessed between 1998 and 2004 [ 11 , 12 ].…”

“…Similarly, in one of the structural transformation theories, Ranis and Lewis agreed that as a country undergoes development, factors of production are reallocated from an agricultural sector to an industrial sector [ 16 , 23 ]. Eventually transformed from a heavy emphasis on the traditional agriculture economy to a more service and industrial one [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 24 , 25 ]. The contribution to GDP by the industry sector eventually surpasses that of the agricultural sector [ 19 ].…”

“…The contribution to GDP by the industry sector eventually surpasses that of the agricultural sector [ 19 ]. Additionally, the service sector has contributed towards income generation (for example through tourism) which is essential for economic development [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Furthermore, over the years, it has proven to be a key contributor to employment in developing countries, particularly for middle- and lower-income countries.…”

Методичний Підхід До Вибору Варіантів Забезпечення Конкурентоспроможності Підприємств У Системі Розвитку Агрокластерів

“…Для розв'язання проблеми негативного впливу великого бізнесу та урядової політики на зародження й розвиток кластерів у ЄС розробили та реалізовують концепцію формування Європейської технологічної платформи, на основі якої мала б бути створеною організаційно-комунікаційна система науково-практичної взаємодії суб'єктів малого та середнього бізнесу із інноваційними структурами. Нині у ЄС створено понад 30 [6], F. Hermans, F. Geerling-Eiff, J. Potters, L. Кlerkx [7], D. Акullo, H. Мaat і А. E. J. Wals [8];…”

“…Wardhan., R. Ihle і W. Hejman [13] [25], L. Prause, S. Hackfort, M. Lindgren [26], О. Шубравської, К. Прокопенко [27], І. Monastyrnaya, E. Gwenola, Y. Le Bris, В. Yannou, G. Petit [28], О. Будник [29], Т. Затонацької, О. Рожко, Н. Ткаченко [30], K. C. Saban Kumar, P. Arun Kumar Timalsina [31].…”