Modern Therapeutic Approaches for Noninfectious Ocular Diseases Involving Inflammation

Abstract

Dry eye disease (DED), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and Uveitis are ocular diseases that significantly affect the quality of life of millions of people each year. In these diseases, the action of chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and immune cells drives a local inflammatory response that results in ocular tissue damage. Multiple therapeutic strategies have been developed to either address the symptoms or abate the underlying cause of these diseases. Herein, we will review the challenges to deliver drugs to the relevant location in the eye for each of these diseases as well as current and innovative therapeutic approaches that attempt to restore homeostasis within the ocular microenvironment.

High drug payload nanoparticles formed from dexamethasone-peptide conjugates for the treatment of endotoxin-induced uveitis in rabbit

“…Early studies have demonstrated that the main cause for the initiation of inflammatory symptoms in uveitis is the breakdown of the blood-aqueous humor barrier, and inflammation may subsequently occur owing to the migration of white blood cells such as leukocytes. [44][45][46] We, therefore, quantified inflammatory cells in the aqueous humor at 24 hours of intravitreal injection of endotoxin ( Figure 7A). The inflammatory cell count in the aqueous humor of eyes from the PBS group was (104.5±11) ×10 5 cells.…”

Tuning of thermoresponsive pNIPAAm hydrogels for the topical retention of controlled release ocular therapeutics

“…However, a major limitation is patient compliance due to the frequency of administration, especially for those affected by chronic pathologies requiring life-long treatment. 3,4 In particular, high dosing frequencies are often required because of physiological barriers in the eye that can result in poor bioavailability of the therapeutic agent. 5 Specifically, the efficacy of ophthalmic drops can be limited by a short contact time on the surface of the eye due to dilution from tears and lacrimal drainage.…”

Clinical Approaches of Biomimetic: An Emerging Next Generation Technology

“…Recently, Inflammatory eye diseases including dry eye disease, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, scleritis, glaucoma, retinopathy and Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) are treated by using biomimetic based ophthalmic drug delivery of immunomodulatory agents to improve visionthreatening ill effects in subjected patients as safe and easy controlled-release of loaded formulation with improved patient compliance and treatment efficacy. This proposed biomimetic ophthalmic drug delivery practice has pacifying symptoms in subjected patients with negligible dangerous side effects [30][31][32][33]. Three dimensional nanofibrous extracellular matrix mimicking structures are proposed to be found suitable to be used as tissue engineering scaffolds composed of biochemically modified natural and synthetic polymers to develop more advanced biomedical tools and devices which have potential of replication of the biomineralization and bone formation as well as tissue regeneration [34][35][36].…”