“…On the one hand, the possible mechanisms for particle collisions are extremely complex themselves, including the differential settling of particles and Brownian motion [26,27]. On the other hand, they are significantly influenced by the properties of the initial solids (e.g., the primary particle-size distribution [28] and the spatial structure of the particles) and flow-field characteristics (e.g., the turbulence dissipation rate [29,30], shear rate, slurry viscosity [31], and solids concentration [32][33][34]. In addition, the flocculation kinetics are significantly influenced by the flocculant addition strategy (e.g., the type of flocculant, the location of addition and dosing), the feed cup design, and dosing operations [35,36].…”