Modern Microwave Methods in Solid-State Inorganic Materials Chemistry: From Fundamentals to Manufacturing

Kitchen, Helen J.; Vallance, Simon R.; Kennedy, Jennifer L.; Tapia‐Ruiz, Nuria; Carassiti, Lucia; Harrison, Andrew; Whittaker, A. Gavin; Drysdale, Timothy D.; Kingman, S.W.; Gregory, Duncan H.

doi:10.1021/cr4002353

Cited by 401 publications

(322 citation statements)

References 245 publications

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“…Such insight requires the development of in-situ analysis instrumentation to perform time-resolved experiments. 17 Conventionally Al4C3 is prepared via direct carbonisation or carbothermal reduction-carbonisation techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid, energy-efficient synthesis of the layered carbide, Al₄C₃

2015

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The phase-pure binary aluminium carbide, Al4C3 can be synthesised in vacuo from the elements in 30 minutes via microwave heating in a multimode cavity reactor. The success of the reaction is dependent on the use of finely divided aluminium and graphite starting materials, both of which couple effectively to the microwave field. The yellow-brown powder product was characterised by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy / energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Powders were composed of hexagonal single crystallites tens of microns in diameter (Rhombohedral space group R3 ̅ m; Z = 3; a = 3.33813(5) Å, c = 25.0021(4) Å) and were stable to 1000 °C in air, argon and nitrogen. Equivalent microwave reactions of the elements in air led to the formation of the oxycarbide phases Al2OC and Al4O4C.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid, energy-efficient synthesis of the layered carbide, Al₄C₃

2015

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“…MAH method has demonstrated its efficiency in the synthesis of materials with new and/or intensified properties [17][18][19][20][21] . The advantages of this synthesis method are the strong reduction over the time and temperatures even compared with hydrothermal and/or solvothermal conventional methodologies 22,23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fingerprints of short-range and long-range structure in BaZr_1−xHf_xO₃ solid solutions: an experimental and theoretical study

Fassbender

Lilge

Cava

et al. 2015

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Microwave-assisted hydrothermal method was applied to synthesize BaZr 1−x Hf x O 3 , (BZHO) solid solutions at low temperature, 140 • C, and relative short times, 160 min. The detailed features of the crystal structure, at both short and long ranges, as well as the crystal chemistry doping process, are extensively analysed. X-ray diffraction measurements and Raman spectroscopy have been used to confirm that pure and Hf-doped BZO materials present a cubic structure. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) indicate that Hf 4+ ions has replaced the Zr 4+ ions on the 6-fold coordination and a subsequent change on the Ba 2+ 12-fold coordination can be sensed. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) measurements reveal a local symmetry breaking process, associated to overlap of the 4d -2p and 5d -2p orbitals of Zr-O and Hf-O bonds, respectively. Field emission gun (FE-SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) show the mesocrystalline nature of self-assembled BZHO nanoparticles under dodecahedron shape. In addition were performed first principle calculations to complement experimental data. The analysis of the band structures and density of states of undoped BZO and doped BZHO host lattice allow a deep insight on the main electronic features. The theoretical results help us to find a correlation between simulated and experimental Raman modes and allow a more substantial interpretation of crystal structure.

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“…Microwave annealing (MWA) has been reportedly used in organic synthesis, 1 solid-state in organic materials, 2 and the mixture of nanostructures and liquids, 3 owing to its unique properties, such as volumetric, instantaneous, and material-selective heating. 2 In recent years, MWA techniques have also been explored in semiconductor processing, including dopant activation in silicon, 4,5 recrystallization of amorphous silicon films, 6 silicide formation, 7 preparation of reduced graphene oxide, 8 processing of Ge-based metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) 9 and In-GaZn-O thin film transistors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 In recent years, MWA techniques have also been explored in semiconductor processing, including dopant activation in silicon, 4,5 recrystallization of amorphous silicon films, 6 silicide formation, 7 preparation of reduced graphene oxide, 8 processing of Ge-based metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) 9 and In-GaZn-O thin film transistors. 10 These experiments report significantly lower temperature associated with MWA as compared with conventional thermal annealing (CTA) techniques, such as furnace annealing and rapid thermal annealing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the microwave annealing of silicon

Wang

et al. 2017

AIP Advances

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Though microwave annealing appears to be very appealing due to its unique features, lacking an in-depth understanding and accurate model hinder its application in semiconductor processing. In this paper, the physics-based model and accurate calculation for the microwave annealing of silicon are presented. Both thermal effects, including ohmic conduction loss and dielectric polarization loss, and non-thermal effects are thoroughly analyzed. We designed unique experiments to verify the mechanism and extract relevant parameters. We also explicitly illustrate the dynamic interaction processes of the microwave annealing of silicon. This work provides an in-depth understanding that can expedite the application of microwave annealing in semiconductor processing and open the door to implementing microwave annealing for future research and applications.

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Modern Microwave Methods in Solid-State Inorganic Materials Chemistry: From Fundamentals to Manufacturing

Cited by 401 publications

References 245 publications

Rapid, energy-efficient synthesis of the layered carbide, Al₄C₃

Rapid, energy-efficient synthesis of the layered carbide, Al₄C₃

Fingerprints of short-range and long-range structure in BaZr_1−xHf_xO₃ solid solutions: an experimental and theoretical study

Understanding the microwave annealing of silicon

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Modern Microwave Methods in Solid-State Inorganic Materials Chemistry: From Fundamentals to Manufacturing

Cited by 401 publications

References 245 publications

Rapid, energy-efficient synthesis of the layered carbide, Al4C3

Rapid, energy-efficient synthesis of the layered carbide, Al4C3

Fingerprints of short-range and long-range structure in BaZr1−xHfxO3 solid solutions: an experimental and theoretical study

Understanding the microwave annealing of silicon

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Product

Resources

About

Rapid, energy-efficient synthesis of the layered carbide, Al₄C₃

Rapid, energy-efficient synthesis of the layered carbide, Al₄C₃

Fingerprints of short-range and long-range structure in BaZr_1−xHf_xO₃ solid solutions: an experimental and theoretical study