Modern Approaches for the Treatment of Heart Failure: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is a progressively deteriorating medical condition that significantly reduces both the patients’ life expectancy and quality of life. Even though real progress was made in the past decades in the discovery of novel pharmacological treatments for HF, the prevention of premature deaths has only been marginally alleviated. Despite the availability of a plethora of pharmaceutical approaches, proper management of HF is still challenging. Thus, a myriad of experimental and clinical studies focusing on the discovery of new and provocative underlying mechanisms of HF physiopathology pave the way for the development of novel HF therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, recent technological advances made possible the development of various interventional techniques and device-based approaches for the treatment of HF. Since many of these modern approaches interfere with various well-known pathological mechanisms in HF, they have a real ability to complement and or increase the efficiency of existing medications and thus improve the prognosis and survival rate of HF patients. Their promising and encouraging results reported to date compel the extension of heart failure treatment beyond the classical view. The aim of this review was to summarize modern approaches, new perspectives, and future directions for the treatment of HF.

Atherogenic index of plasma: a new indicator for assessing the short-term mortality of patients with acute decompensated heart failure

“…ADHF is a common reason for hospitalization or the need for emergency care in the elderly population and is associated with a high risk of adverse outcomes (1,(8)(9)(10)(11). Statistics indicate that over 30% of ADHF patients require rehospitalization or face mortality shortly after discharge (within 90 days) (8)(9)(10)(11)39).…”

“…ADHF is a common reason for hospitalization or the need for emergency care in the elderly population and is associated with a high risk of adverse outcomes (1,(8)(9)(10)(11). Statistics indicate that over 30% of ADHF patients require rehospitalization or face mortality shortly after discharge (within 90 days) (8)(9)(10)(11)39). In China, the 30day mortality rate for ADHF patients ranges between 1.65% and 13.17% (40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45), while in the JX-ADHF1 cohort, it is approximately 4%, and in the current analysis, it is 3.37% after excluding certain subjects.…”

“…ADHF is characterized by new-onset or worsening symptoms and signs of severe cardiac functional or structural abnormalities, necessitating urgent hospitalization (1). Despite significant advancements in heart failure medications, assistive devices, and therapeutic approaches over the past few decades (2-7), the recurrent hospitalization and mortality risks remain notably high for ADHF patients (8)(9)(10)(11). Therefore, early and effective risk stratification using simple factors could be crucial in improving the prognosis for hospitalized ADHF patients.…”

The Role of Stem Cells in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases

“…New treatment strategies include transthyretin stabilizers, intravenous iron for treatment of deficiency, cardiac myosin activators, soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators, and new potassium binders [24]. Despite significant progress in the identification of innovative pharmaceutical treatments for HF over the last few decades, the prevention of premature mortality has only modestly improved [25]. Deteriorating environmental factors, poor diet, and an aging population result in an ever-increasing number of people affected by these diseases.…”

Sarcopenia Predicts Adverse Prognosis in Patients with Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Heart failure (HF) represents the terminal stage of most cardiovascular diseases and has become an increasingly serious public health problem affecting every country worldwide [ 1 ]. According to the global epidemiological reports, over 64 million people are affected by HF worldwide.…”