Moderating Black Powder Chemistry for the Synthesis of Doped and Highly Porous Graphene Nanoplatelets and Their Use in Electrocatalysis

Liu, Xiaofeng; Antonietti, Markus

doi:10.1002/adma.201302034

Cited by 250 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…101,102 Therefore, the ionothermal carbon doped with N or S can be immediately applied for electrocatalytic reactions. As shown in work of Liu et al, 44 ionothermal carbon nanosheets doped with N or S atoms both show high activity for the ORR in basic solutions ( Figure 11). The samples demonstrate a small overpotential, high current density compared to commercial Pt/C catalyst, and a dominating 4-electron process at a wide potential range.…”

Section: Applications For Electrocatalysis and Energy Storage 41 Elesupporting

confidence: 54%

“…As shown by Liu et al, 44 nitrate salt, when added as the additive to the LiCl/KCl salt, can exert a significant influence on the carbonization process, leading to a sharp decrease in carbon yield. Interestingly, elemental analysis together with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals that nitrogen atoms are incorporated into the sp 2 carbon network in the form of pyridinic, pyrrolic, and graphitic C-N bonds.…”

Section: Oxysalt Additives As Heteroatom Sources For Dopingmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…For instance, ionothermal derived carbon using cellulose fiber as precursor still preserves the tubular texture with similar diameter in addition to the high porosity. 44 This is because, cellulose fibers, as a typical polysaccharide, does not dissolve in the salt-melt during its carbonization, which is completely different from the carbonization of other salt-melt soluble molecules. In a quite similar fashion, porous precursors with well-defined pore structure, such as CTF and COF (covalent organic frameworks), have also been converted to highly porous carbon by the ionothermal process, in which the precursors serve as both carbon source and template for porosity.…”

Section: Precursors Beyond Sugar: Heteroatom Doping and Structure Conmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ionothermal Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures: Playing with Carbon Chemistry in Inorganic Salt Melt

Liu¹

2016

Nano Adv

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Citation: X. Liu, Nano Adv., 2016, 1, 90−103. Solution growth of sp2 carbon nanostructures from molecular precursors has been a tremendous challenge as the operation temperature windows offered by most solvents used in wet chemistry synthesis are too low to allow the complete condensation and carbonization of normal simple molecules, such as sugar. Inorganic ionic salt melt has recently enabled direct solution growth of carbon nanostructures with tailored heteroatom doping and porosity, which are indispensable for most functionalities of carbon materials. Compared with molecular solvents (i.e., water and most organic solvents), the ionic salt melt not only provides a wider and higher operation temperature window, but also strong solvation power that ensures the carbonization and precipitation in a controllable manner. Starting from molecules like sugar, this ionothermal process can produce disordered carbon, graphene-like two-dimensional carbon, highly porous carbon nanosheets, etc., depending on the synthetic conditions. Doping of heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, into the resultant carbon can be made by using oxysalt additives such as nitrate, in which N atoms are reduced and finally incorporated into the sp 2 carbon network. The ionothermal process also can produce nanostructured carbon in a templated fashion in which both salt particles and molecular precursors can serve as the hard or soft template. Due to the favorable microstructure and chemical composition, the ionothermal-derived carbon nanostructures have found diverse applications, as exemplified here by electrocatalysis for oxygen reduction and capacitive energy storage. Further development in ionothermal process will focus on the scalable, green production of carbon nanostructures orientated for commercial applications.

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Section: Applications For Electrocatalysis and Energy Storage 41 Elesupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Oxysalt Additives As Heteroatom Sources For Dopingmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Precursors Beyond Sugar: Heteroatom Doping and Structure Conmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ionothermal Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures: Playing with Carbon Chemistry in Inorganic Salt Melt

Liu¹

2016

Nano Adv

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“…[97] 2D carbon nanosheets could be obtained by various methods, such as template method, chemical vapor deposition, molten-salt, mechanical/chemical exfoliation, ball-milling strategy, and so on. [87,[98][99][100][101] Among them, the template method was the most effective and common way for the preparation of 2D carbon sheet materials. Fan et al synthesized 2D porous carbon nanosheets (PCNS) materials through a layered nanospace confinement strategy using montmorillonite (MMT) as nanotemplate and gelatin as carbon source (Figure 12a).…”

Section: D Carbon Nanosheetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress of Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

Jiang

Yadi

Nie

et al. 2017

Advanced Sustainable Systems

110

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Supercapacitors, as a type of energy storage system, bridge the power/energy gap between conventional capacitors and batteries due to attractive properties such as high power density, long cycle lifespan, and large temperature range. However, the low energy density of supercapacitors compared to lithium‐ion batteries has hindered their general application. In general, the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors is closely related to the structure of their electrode materials, electrolytes, and device design. The main materials used in electrochemical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) are carbon materials with various architectures. This is due to their high surface area, good electric conductivity, and intrinsic stability. In this review, recently reported carbon‐based nanostructured electrode materials with 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D structures are systematically reviewed. The effect of nanostructuring on the properties of supercapacitors including specific capacitance, rate capability, and cycle stability is explored, the details of which may serve as a guide to electrode design for the next generation of EDLCs.

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“…3 Enhancement of the HET activity of graphene materials is key to realizing their potential applications in myriad important areas such as energy storage/conversion, [4][5][6] molecular sensing, [7][8] and electrocatalysis. [9][10][11] Moreover, there is growing interest in developing a deeper understanding of the fundamental electron transfer behavior of graphene materials, particularly the HET kinetics. [12][13][14] One of the most important factors governing the HET activities of an electrode material is its electronic structure; the efficiencies of electron exchange at an electrode/electrolyte interface depend strongly on the overlap between the energy levels of the electrode material and the redox states in solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remarkably High Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Activity of Carbon-Nanotube-Supported Reduced Graphene Oxide

et al. 2016

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Enhancement of the heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) activities of graphene materials toward redox-active molecules assumes a crucial role in numerous graphene-based electrochemical technologies. Here we discover that carbon nanotube-supported reduced graphene oxide (rGO/CNT) exhibits unusually higher HET activities (including electrocatalytic performance towards dopamine, electron transfer kinetics with Ru(NH 3 ) 6 3+/2+ and Fe(CN) 6 3−/4− , and direct electron transfer efficiencies with cytochrome c and horse radish peroxidase) than does CNT-free rGO with an identical electrochemical surface area and surface chemistry. Through examination of the electronic structure combined with Gerisher-Marcus calculations, the critical factors responsible for this anomalous enhancement of the HET activities in rGO/CNT are identified to be a high density of π electronic states, up-shifting of the Fermi level, and appearance of a pronounced quantum capacitance-dominating character. These results indicate a general strategy to improve the HET properties of graphene by using a π electron-rich substrate to modulate electronic structure, and provide insight into the importance of the quantum capacitance in graphene electrochemistry.

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Moderating Black Powder Chemistry for the Synthesis of Doped and Highly Porous Graphene Nanoplatelets and Their Use in Electrocatalysis

Cited by 250 publications

References 56 publications

Ionothermal Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures: Playing with Carbon Chemistry in Inorganic Salt Melt

Ionothermal Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures: Playing with Carbon Chemistry in Inorganic Salt Melt

Progress of Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

Remarkably High Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Activity of Carbon-Nanotube-Supported Reduced Graphene Oxide

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