Moderately nonlinear ultrasound propagation in blood-mimicking fluid

Broadband Reduction of the Second Harmonic Distortion During Nonlinear Ultrasound Wave Propagation

“…But UCA are not the only source of higher harmonics. Nonlinearities of the medium distort the propagating ultrasound wave so that the higher harmonics are also generated from the surrounding tissue (Hamilton et al 1985;Hart and Hamilton 1988;Kharin and Vince 2004;Humphrey 2000). To evaluate imaging and detection of UCA at higher harmonics, eqn (1) is then changed to ATR n 520,log P UCA n P tis n :…”

A Hyperglycemic Blood Mimicking Fluid with Good Acoustic and Physical Properties for In-Vitro Ultrasound Flow Studies

“…This has led to several researches to chemically prepare fluids that can closely mimic the acoustic and physical properties of real blood and can be used as a good replacement in preclinical experiments. Earlier blood mimicking fluids (BMF) were made of water mixed with cutting fluid and nylon as scatter particles (Rickey et al, 1995); glycerol, water, dextran, orgasol mixed with synperonic N surfactant as scatters and Sodium azide as a preservative (Ramnarine et al, 1998;Lubbers, 1999;Ramnarine et al, 2001;Browne et al, 2003;Harin & Ince, 2004;Samavat & Evans, 2006;Meagher et al, 2007). Other substances introduced as part of the BMF mixtures towards getting better acoustic and physical properties include sodium iodide salt (Majid et al, 2009), silicon oil and glycol (Tomoji etbal., 2013;Yoshida et al, 2014), Polyamide particles as scatters (Fhrmann et al, 2016).…”

Broadband measurements of the frequency dependence of attenuation coefficient and velocity in amniotic fluid, urine and human serum albumin solutions

“…An important parameter required in these models is the attenuation coefficient in the medium of interest. In addition, a number of models (Christopher and Parker 1991;Filipczynski et al 1999;Cahill et al 2002;Cahill and Humphrey 2000;Kharin and Vince 2004;Tjotta and Tjotta 1980;Zemp et al 2003) now exist that predict nonlinear pressure fields obtained from diffractive sources and the generation of harmonics that occurs in these fields. In these models, knowledge of the frequency dependence of the attenuation coefficient is required to characterize the absorption of energy in the higher harmonics.…”