Moderate Alcohol Intake Reduces Bile Cholesterol Saturation and Raises HDL Cholesterol

Thornton, John; Symes, Carol; Heaton, K W

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90738-9

Cited by 162 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Alcohol reduces bile cholesterol secretion and increases HDL-cholesterol, 43 which is probably the basis of the possible protection of moderate alcohol consumption on the risk of ischaemic heart disease. 44 " 4 * Coffee consumption reduces bile acid and neutral sterol secretion, 47 but this does not appear to have an important impact on the risk of cholelithiasis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Gallstone Disease Requiring Surgery

Vecchia¹,

Negri²,

D'Avanzo³

et al. 1991

Int J Epidemiol

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Franceschi Sand Boyle P. Risk factors for gallstone disease requiring surgery. International Journal of Epidemiology 1991,20: 209-215. Risk factors for cholelithiasis were investigated in a case-control study conducted in northern Italy on 195 incident cases of gallstone disease requiring surgery (119 females, 76 males) and 1122 controls in hospital for acute, nondigestive tract, non-neoplastic conditions. There was no consistent association with socio-demographic indicators, such as marital status, education and social class nor with smoking and coffee consumption. The relative risk of cholelithiasis decreased with increasing alcohol consumption: compared with non-drinkers, the odds ratio (OR) was0.8 for one to three drinks per day and 0.5 for over three. A direct association was observed with measures of body weight: relative to leaner individuals, the multivariate ORs were 1.2, 2.1 and 2.4 for subsequent levels of body mass. These trends in risk were statistically significant, consistent in the two sexes, and not apparently modified by adjustment for major identified potential confounding factors. History of hepatitis and liver cirrhosis were reported more frequently by cases, but it is difficult to assess the role of recall bias on these risk factors. No association was found with diabetes, thyroid disease and several digestive tract disorders. For females, no consistent pattern of risk was observed up to four births, but women with five or more births had an OR of 2.9 (95% confidence interval (Cl) -1.1-7.3). The risk decreased with increasing age at first and last birth, both trends being statistically significant. Overweight and alcohol consumption were the most important risk and protective factors respectively for cholelithiasis requiring surgical intervention in this population.Cholelithiasis is one of the most frequent causes of morbidity and surgery in industrialized countries. The reported frequency of the disease and the composition of the stones varies in different countries. In Okinawa, Japan, the overall prevalence was 3.2%,' while the prevalence plus ten-year cumulative incidence in the Framingham study was 8.2% } Prevalence of over 10% were found in other countries or in selected ethnic groups, such as Pima Indians. 3 " 9 Some of these differences may be accounted for by different methods and accuracy of case ascertainment or by varying definition (i.e. clinical or surgical series as opposed to ultrasound or autopsy-based studies), but it is unlikely that this can explain all of the variation which is observed between different populations. 5 " 16 Knowledge of the causes of gallstone disease is poor.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Gallstone Disease Requiring Surgery

Vecchia¹,

Negri²,

D'Avanzo³

et al. 1991

Int J Epidemiol

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“…Several biologically plausible mechanisms are thought to mediate the apparently beneficial effects of alcohol on coronary heart disease, including favorable effects on levels of highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, hemostatic parameters, and possibly other factors. [19][20][21][22][23] Methodological ques-alcohol intake. After controlling for several potentially confounding factors, total mortality exhibited a J-shaped pattern in relation to alcohol consumption in middle-aged and elderly men.…”

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confidence: 99%

A prospective study of the health effects of alcohol consumption in middle-aged and elderly men. The Honolulu Heart Program.

et al. 1994

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BACKGROUND The study objective was to determine the association between reported alcohol consumption and total mortality, mortality from selected causes, and incident nonfatal chronic disease events in middle-aged (51 to 64 years old) and elderly (65 to 75 years old) men during an approximate 15-year follow-up period. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a prospective epidemiological study of Japanese-American men who were participating in the Honolulu Heart Program and were free from coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer at baseline examination and at subsequent reexamination 6 years later. Self-reported alcohol consumption was determined twice: at the baseline examination in 1965 through 1968 and at reexamination approximately 6 years later (1971 through 1974). Four primary alcohol consumption groups who reported similar alcohol intake at the time of these two clinical examinations were considered: abstainers and light (1 to 14 mL of alcohol per day), moderate (15 to 39 mL of alcohol per day), and heavy (> or = 40 mL of alcohol per day) drinkers. Study end points were also determined in very light (1 to 4.9 mL of alcohol per day) drinkers and in men who reported a change in their alcohol intake between examinations. Longitudinal follow-up was carried out through the end of 1988 with determination of selected fatal and nonfatal events according to alcohol intake. After controlling for several potentially confounding factors, total mortality exhibited a J-shaped pattern in relation to alcohol consumption in middle-aged and elderly men. There was a trend for lower rates of occurrence of combined fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease events with increasing alcohol consumption in both middle-aged and elderly men. Increasing alcohol consumption was related to an increased risk of fatal and nonfatal strokes in middle-aged men, whereas elderly light and moderate drinkers were at increased risk for fatal and nonfatal strokes. Heavy drinkers were at increased risk for fatal and nonfatal malignant neoplasms in the two age groups examined. CONCLUSIONS The results of this long-term prospective study provide a balanced perspective of the health effects of alcohol consumption in middle-aged and elderly men. High levels of alcohol consumption were shown to be related to an increasing risk of diseases of considerable public health importance. These findings suggest that caution be taken in formulating population-wide recommendations for increases in the population levels of alcohol consumed given the associated significant social and biological problems of high consumption levels.

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“…34 Conversely, light to moderate drinking may increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and decrease platelet aggregation and fibrinogen levels. 34,40,41 Approximately 18% of ischemic strokes are attributable to active cigarette smoking, and risk increases twofold among heavy smokers compared with light smokers, indicating a dose-response relationship. 34, 35 Former smoking has an attributable risk of 6%, with the level of risk varying according to the time since quitting, 35 and major risk reduction occurs within 2 to 4 years of smoking cessation.…”

Section: Modifiable Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease

Gorelick

2004

Clin Cardiol

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Summary:It is estimated that 15 to 30% of ischemic strokes are cardioembolic in origin, and that atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction are significant risk factors for stroke, which underscores the importance for cardiologists to understand this condition. The high incidence and substantial cost of stroke justify aggressive treatment of stroke risk factors, especially in the elderly, diabetic, and black populations, and in patients who have had an initial stroke. Antiplatelet therapy and administration of oral anticoagulants have both been shown to have a substantial impact on stroke in specified populations at risk.

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Moderate Alcohol Intake Reduces Bile Cholesterol Saturation and Raises HDL Cholesterol

Cited by 162 publications

References 28 publications

Risk Factors for Gallstone Disease Requiring Surgery

Risk Factors for Gallstone Disease Requiring Surgery

A prospective study of the health effects of alcohol consumption in middle-aged and elderly men. The Honolulu Heart Program.

Epidemiology of transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease

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