Models Suggesting Field Experiments to Test Two Hypotheses Explaining Successional Diversity

Pacala, Stephen W.; Rees, Mark

doi:10.1086/286203

Cited by 232 publications

(278 citation statements)

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“…Tolerance-fecundity theory also specifically offers an explanation for changes in species composition over the course of successionfor example, changes over time in the plant community found on abandoned agricultural land (32). In the past, such changes were explained by the competition-colonization trade-off and/or a successional niche model in which species differed in their performance in the different environments present over the course of succession (some species doing better in early-successional environments and others in late-successional environments) (33). The relative importance of these two mechanisms could in theory be distinguished with seed addition and "niche removal" experiments (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past, such changes were explained by the competition-colonization trade-off and/or a successional niche model in which species differed in their performance in the different environments present over the course of succession (some species doing better in early-successional environments and others in late-successional environments) (33). The relative importance of these two mechanisms could in theory be distinguished with seed addition and "niche removal" experiments (33). The tolerance-fecundity model offers distinct predictions for the effects of seed addition, disturbance, and other manipulations (34,35), predictions that should be considered as alternatives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tolerance-fecundity model offers distinct predictions for the effects of seed addition, disturbance, and other manipulations (34,35), predictions that should be considered as alternatives. For example, adding seeds of all species in large numbers would greatly accelerate succession in communities governed by the competitioncolonization trade-off (because it would speed the arrival of the superior competitor), while having no effect where the successional niche operated alone (33). For communities in which the tolerancefecundity trade-off drove succession, the effects of seed addition would depend crucially on any associated changes in the relative abundances of species in the seed rain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The tolerance–fecundity trade-off and the maintenance of diversity in seed size

Muller‐Landau

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

317

357

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Seed size commonly varies by five to six orders of magnitude among coexisting plant species, a pattern ecologists have long sought to explain. Because seed size trades off with seed number, smallseeded species clearly have the advantage in fecundity, but what is the countervailing advantage of large seeds? Higher competitive ability combined with strong competitive asymmetry can in theory allow coexistence through a competition-colonization trade-off, but empirical evidence is inconsistent with this mechanism. Instead, the key advantage of large seeds appears to be their tolerance of stresses such as shade or drought that are present in some but not all regeneration sites. Here I present a simple, analytically tractable model of species coexistence in heterogeneous habitats through a tolerance-fecundity trade-off. Under this mechanism, the more tolerant species win all of the more stressful regeneration sites and some of those that are less stressful, whereas the more fecund species win most but not all of the less stressful sites. The tolerancefecundity trade-off enables stable coexistence of large numbers of species in models with and without seed limitation. The tolerancefecundity mechanism provides an excellent explanation for the maintenance of diversity of seed size within plant communities and also suggests new hypotheses for coexistence in animal and microbial communities.species coexistence | habitat partitioning | competition-colonization tradeoff | stress tolerance | seed mass S eed size varies strikingly among plant species, even within the same community (1). Seed mass commonly varies over five to six orders of magnitude among coexisting plant species (2) and over two to three orders among coexisting species sharing the same life form and mature size (3). Ecologists have long puzzled over this variation in seed size, given that simple models suggest that one size should be optimal for any given set of conditions (4, 5). Because seed size varies so widely within communities, any mechanism that maintains seed size diversity would contribute substantially to explaining maintenance of plant species diversity.Many empirical studies illuminate the relative advantages of seeds of different sizes (6). A given reproductive effort can produce many small or few large seeds; thus small-seeded species have the advantage in seed production, as clearly demonstrated by analyses that control for plant size (7,8). In contrast, largeseed species have higher average seed and seedling survival (9, 10). This advantage does not manifest itself uniformly under all conditions-instead, it reflects the advantages of large seeds in providing resources that can be allocated to tolerate particular stresses, such as shade, drought, or defoliation (9, 11). Thus, large seeds have the advantage in stress tolerance and small seeds in fecundity (12).Although the empirical evidence indicates that large seeds are advantageous only under some conditions, theoretical explanations for the maintenance of diversity of seed size have thus far...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The tolerance–fecundity trade-off and the maintenance of diversity in seed size

Muller‐Landau

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

317

357

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“…Mortality model combines size-dependent and growth-dependent mortality. Rees, 1998;Rees et al, 2001) which are commonly pointed up to explain species coexistence. With regard to successional niche, previous studies have shown that P. abies saplings had higher growth at full light than A. alba (Grassi and Bagnaresi, 2001).…”

Section: A Alba and P Abies Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality of silver fir and Norway Spruce in the Western Alps — a semi-parametric approach combining size-dependent and growth-dependent mortality

Vieilledent

Courbaud²,

Künstler³

et al. 2010

Ann. For. Sci.

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Abstract• Question: Tree mortality can be modeled using two complementary covariates, tree size and tree growth. Tree growth is an integrative measure of tree vitality while tree diameter is a good index of sensitivity to disturbances and can be considered as a proxy for tree age which may indicate senescence. Few mortality models integrate both covariates because classical model calibration requires large permanent plot data-sets which are rare. How then can we calibrate a multivariate mortality model including size and growth when permanent plots data are not available?• Location: To answer this question, we studied Abies alba and Picea abies mortality in the French Swiss and Italian Alps.• Method: Our study proposes an alternative semi-parametric method which includes a random sample of living and dead trees with diameter and growth measurements.• Results: We were able to calibrate a mortality model combining both size-dependent and growthdependent mortality. We demonstrated that A. alba had a lower annual mortality rate (10%) than P. abies (18%) for low growth (< 0.2 mm year −1 ). We also demonstrated that for higher diameters (DBH ≥ 70 cm), P. abies had a higher mortality rate (0.45%) than A. alba (0.32%).• Conclusion: Our results are consistent with the mechanisms of colonization-competition trade-off and of successional niche theory which may explain the coexistence of these two species in the Alps. The method we developed should be useful for forecasting tree mortality and can improve the efficiency of forest dynamics models. Mots-clés :Abies alba / probabilités conditionnelles / modèles non-paramétriques / Picea abies / mortalité des arbres Résumé -Mortalité du sapin pectiné et de l'épicea commmun dans les alpes occidentales -une approche semi-paramétrique combinant la mortalité dépendant de la taille et de la croissance.• Question : Il est possible de modéliser la mortalité des arbres en utilisant deux covariables complé-mentaires : la taille et la croissance de l'arbre. La croissance est une mesure synthétique de la vitalité alors que le diamètre est un bon indicateur de la sensibilité aux perturbations et est très fortement corrélé à l'âge de l'arbre, qui détermine la sénescence. Peu de modèles de mortalité intègrent les deux covariables, car cela nécessite, pour les approches classiques, une calibration à partir de données de placettes permanentes qui sont rares. Comment obtenir un modèle de mortalité multivarié, incluant la taille et la croissance, lorsque des données de placettes permanentes ne sont pas disponibles ?• Localisation géographique : Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons étudié la mortalité du sapin pectiné (Abies alba) et de l'epicéa commmun (Picea abies) dans les Alpes suisses françaises et italiennes.• Méthode : Notre étude propose une méthode semi-parametrique alternative s'appuyant sur un échantillon d'arbres morts et vivants avec des mesures de diamètre et de croissance.• Résultats : Nous avons obtenu un modèle combinant la mortalité dépendant à la fois de la taille et de la...

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“…Disturbances such as fires are important maintainers of diversity because they allow organisms to temporally divide niche space with competition colonization trade-offs (Sousa, 1984;Pacala and Rees, 1998). Although fire is likely to impose strong selective pressure on both plant and fungal communities (Archibald et al, 2013), it is challenging to study the effects of natural wildfire on microbial communities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ectomycorrhizal fungal spore bank recovery after a severe forest fire: some like it hot

et al. 2015

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After severe wildfires, pine recovery depends on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal spores surviving and serving as partners for regenerating forest trees. We took advantage of a large, severe natural forest fire that burned our long-term study plots to test the response of ECM fungi to fire. We sampled the ECM spore bank using pine seedling bioassays and high-throughput sequencing before and after the California Rim Fire. We found that ECM spore bank fungi survived the fire and dominated the colonization of in situ and bioassay seedlings, but there were specific fire adapted fungi such as Rhizopogon olivaceotinctus that increased in abundance after the fire. The frequency of ECM fungal species colonizing pre-fire bioassay seedlings, post-fire bioassay seedlings and in situ seedlings were strongly positively correlated. However, fire reduced the ECM spore bank richness by eliminating some of the rare species, and the density of the spore bank was reduced as evidenced by a larger number of soil samples that yielded uncolonized seedlings. Our results show that although there is a reduction in ECM inoculum, the ECM spore bank community largely remains intact, even after a high-intensity fire. We used advanced techniques for data quality control with Illumina and found consistent results among varying methods. Furthermore, simple greenhouse bioassays can be used to determine which fungi will colonize after fires. Similar to plant seed banks, a specific suite of ruderal, spore bank fungi take advantage of open niche space after fires.

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Models Suggesting Field Experiments to Test Two Hypotheses Explaining Successional Diversity

Cited by 232 publications

References 4 publications

The tolerance–fecundity trade-off and the maintenance of diversity in seed size

The tolerance–fecundity trade-off and the maintenance of diversity in seed size

Mortality of silver fir and Norway Spruce in the Western Alps — a semi-parametric approach combining size-dependent and growth-dependent mortality

Ectomycorrhizal fungal spore bank recovery after a severe forest fire: some like it hot

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