Models of ultrasonic wave propagation in epoxy materials

Challis, R.E.; Blarel, F.; Unwin, M. E.; Paul, J.; Guo, Xianping

doi:10.1109/tuffc.2009.1164

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Alternatively, ultrasound techniques can provide continuous evaluation of the dynamic elasticity modulus of the epoxy resin right after mixing, measuring the velocity of propagation in the sample of generated ultrasonic waves [17,18]. Although these wave-based methods allow overcoming some of the drawbacks of the conventional techniques based on the resonance frequency, the ultrasonic methods partially fail when material homogeneity is lacking (as the case of epoxy resin) and present some limitations due to the signal interpretation ambiguities of the received waves [17,22]. A technique based on the use of FOs embedded through the reinforcing fibres of the FRP laminates was proposed by Antonucci et al [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality control and monitoring of NSM CFRP systems: E-modulus evolution of epoxy adhesive and its relation to the pull-out force

Fernandes

Granja

Benedetti

et al. 2015

Composites Part B: Engineering

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Please cite this article as: Fernandes P, Granja JL, Benedetti A, Sena-Cruz J, Azenha M, Quality control and monitoring of NSM CFRP systems: E-modulus evolution of epoxy adhesive and its relation to the pull-out force, Composites Part B (2015), ABSTRACT 13 The present paper describes the application of an innovative technique (termed EMM-ARM: 14 Elasticity Modulus Monitoring through Ambient Response Method) for continuous monitoring 15 of the stiffening process of an epoxy adhesive used in near-surface mounted (NSM) fibre 16 reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcements. A simultaneous study of direct pull-out tests with 17 concrete specimens strengthened with NSM carbon FRP laminate strips was carried out to 18 compare the evolution of bond performance with the E-modulus of epoxy since early ages. A 19 relationship between the evolution of epoxy E-modulus and the maximum pull-out force is 20 assessed, highlighting the potential of applying EMM-ARM for quality control and decision-21 making assistance of NSM systems. 22 23 KEYWORDS 24 A. Carbon fibre 25 A. Thermosetting resin 26

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality control and monitoring of NSM CFRP systems: E-modulus evolution of epoxy adhesive and its relation to the pull-out force

Fernandes

Granja

Benedetti

et al. 2015

Composites Part B: Engineering

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“…It has been shown that the speed of bulk waves in the adhesive material, which is dependent primarily on the stiffness of the material, may be used to infer the state of cure of the adhesive [3]. This has motivated studies to monitor curing using ultrasonic techniques [4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feature-guided waves for monitoring adhesive shear modulus in bonded stiffeners

Fan

Castaings

Lowe

et al. 2013

NDT & E International

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Adhesively bonded stiffeners are employed in aerospace applications to increase structural stiffness. The potential of feature-guided wave modes for the verification of adhesion and curing state in difficult-to-access regions has been investigated. The properties of guided wave modes propagating along a T-shaped stiffener bonded to an aluminium plate were calculated using the Semi-Analytical Finite Element (SAFE) method. Feature-guided modes dominated by shearing motion were identified to be well suited, with energy concentrated at the stiffener and bond line, limiting energy radiation into the plate and thus maximising inspection length. The influences of the bond line stiffness and thickness on the guided wave behaviour were investigated using SAFE and 3D Finite Element calculations, and found to be significant. Experiments were conducted to measure the properties of the guided waves during the curing of an epoxy joint attaching a stiffener to a plate. The feature-guided mode was excited using a piezo-electric shear transducer and measured using a laser interferometer. The measured phase speed changed significantly during curing. The frequency dependency was found to match well with the SAFE calculations for a variation of the shear (Coulomb) modulus of the adhesive. The potential of the featureguided shear wave mode for bond line inspection and monitoring has been shown and the choice of guided wave mode and frequency range for good sensitivity to the bond line state discussed.

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“…The attenuation associated to the Kelvin-Voigt model is proportional to the square of the frequency but this model has a tendency to overestimate the attenuation. The models of Maxwell and Zener take into account the relaxation time but also overestimate the attenuation [17,21]. For a wide variety of materials (viscous fluids and viscoelastic tissues), the attenuation can be modeled on a finite bandwidth by a power law [12,14] of the following form:…”

Section: Broadband Behavior Of Attenuation and Phase Velocity Dispersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonic broadband characterization of a viscous liquid: Methods and perturbation factors

2015

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Models of ultrasonic wave propagation in epoxy materials

Cited by 18 publications

References 28 publications

Quality control and monitoring of NSM CFRP systems: E-modulus evolution of epoxy adhesive and its relation to the pull-out force

Quality control and monitoring of NSM CFRP systems: E-modulus evolution of epoxy adhesive and its relation to the pull-out force

Feature-guided waves for monitoring adhesive shear modulus in bonded stiffeners

Ultrasonic broadband characterization of a viscous liquid: Methods and perturbation factors

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