Models of Schizotypy: The Importance of Conceptual Clarity

Grant, Phillip; Green, Melissa; Mason, Oliver

doi:10.1093/schbul/sby012

Cited by 141 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(66 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

115

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Some theories of relations between personality and psychotic disorders hypothesized a latent discontinuity, with risk of psychosis limited to a qualitatively distinct subgroup 43,104 . Studies of this question produced mixed results, and further research is needed to determine whether any discontinuities exist in the psychosis superspectrum 105,106 .…”

Section: Structural Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): I. Psychosis superspectrum

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a scientific effort to address shortcomings of traditional mental disorder diagnoses, which suffer from arbitrary boundaries between psychopathology and normality, frequent disorder co‐occurrence, heterogeneity within disorders, and diagnostic instability. This paper synthesizes evidence on the validity and utility of the thought disorder and detachment spectra of HiTOP. These spectra are composed of symptoms and maladaptive traits currently subsumed within schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, and schizotypal, paranoid and schizoid personality disorders. Thought disorder ranges from normal reality testing, to maladaptive trait psychoticism, to hallucinations and delusions. Detachment ranges from introversion, to maladaptive detachment, to blunted affect and avolition. Extensive evidence supports the validity of thought disorder and detachment spectra, as each spectrum reflects common genetics, environmental risk factors, childhood antecedents, cognitive abnormalities, neural alterations, biomarkers, and treatment response. Some of these characteristics are specific to one spectrum and others are shared, suggesting the existence of an overarching psychosis superspectrum. Further research is needed to extend this model, such as clarifying whether mania and dissociation belong to thought disorder, and explicating processes that drive development of the spectra and their subdimensions. Compared to traditional diagnoses, the thought disorder and detachment spectra demonstrated substantially improved utility: greater reliability, larger explanatory and predictive power, and higher acceptability to clinicians. Validated measures are available to implement the system in practice. The more informative, reliable and valid characterization of psychosis‐related psychopathology offered by HiTOP can make diagnosis more useful for research and clinical care.

show abstract

Section: Structural Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): I. Psychosis superspectrum

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Enhanced quantitative approaches may further refine what we consider to be psychosis risk, and will ideally involve several methods and measures, multiple genetic risk metrics, and careful attention to psychometrics within each population being measured. [47][48][49][50] Limitations One limitation of this study is a reliance on questionnaire rather than interview data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subthreshold psychosis symptoms associated with molecular genetic risk in a population-based cohort: Findings from Generation Scotland

Docherty

Shabalin

Adkins

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Text Word Count: 299/1969 Question: What molecular genetic risks are associated with subthreshold psychosis symptoms in the general population?Findings: In a large population-based cohort (N = 9,084), significant associations of polygenic risks with symptoms were observed. Symptoms were associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia in males, for ADHD and autism spectrum disorder in females, and for neuroticism across both males and females.Meaning: Associations of genetic risk with symptoms in the general population are highly significant and suggest important sex differences.3 Abstract Importance: Subthreshold psychosis symptoms in the general population may be associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia. In this analysis, empirically-derived symptom factor scores led to a detection of significant and robust polygenic signal.Objective: This study sought to optimize genetic association with data-driven symptom factor scores, accounting for cohort factor structure and sex differences.Design: EFA-derived symptom factor scores were regressed onto PRS for schizophrenia in models accounting for age and genetic ancestry principal components. Follow-up examination of symptom factor score associations with other related genetic risks included ADHD, autism, bipolar disorder, major depression, and neuroticism. Participants: This study examined the newly expanded symptom dataset from the Northern European ancestry cohort, Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (N = 9,105 individuals 18-65 years of age) comprising common variant and subthreshold psychosis symptom data. A total of 5,391 females and 3,713 males with age M[SD] = 45.2 [13] were included in the final analyses. Main Outcome and Measure: Subthreshold psychosis symptoms were measured using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B). Primary phenotypic factor scores and genome-wide polygenic risk scores (PRS) reflected weighted sum scores and were examined as continuous measures. Polygenic risk scores were calculated from genome-wide association summary statistics using 7,358,674 imputed common genetic variants passing quality control. Results:In males, symptom factor scores were positively associated with polygenic risk for schizophrenia alone and implicated primarily interpersonal/negative symptoms. In females, symptom factor scores were positively associated with polygenic risks for ADHD and autism but not schizophrenia. Scores were robustly associated with genetic risk for neuroticism across both males and females. 4 Conclusions and Relevance:This study detected a significant association of subthreshold psychosis symptoms with genetic risk for schizophrenia and neuroticism in a population-based sample. Furthermore, important sex differences suggest a need for better understanding of schizophrenia risk assessment in females.

show abstract

“…In order to enroll individuals prone to report PLEs, the scores on the questionnaire were evaluated, and those who had intermediate to high levels of positive schizotypy were considered to take part in the experience sampling study. Thus, we selected those participants who scored at least 4 on the unusual experiences (UE) subscale of the short Oxford‐Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (sO‐LIFE) as eligible for the study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to investigate the bidirectional link between subjective sleep quality and daytime PLEs, we conducted a 3‐week long experience sampling study. A non‐clinical sample of young adults showing moderate to high levels of positive schizotypy (which reflects proneness to PLEs ) participated in the study. It has been shown that PLEs show subtle daily fluctuations , but the temporal associations between sleep quality, negative affect and psychotic‐like phenomena so far have not been examined among healthy adults showing moderate to high levels of positive schizotypy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poor sleep quality predicts psychotic‐like symptoms: an experience sampling study in young adults with schizotypal traits

Simor

Bathori

Nagy

et al. 2019

Acta Psychiatr Scand

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Simor P, B athori N, Nagy T, Polner B. Poor sleep quality predicts psychotic-like symptoms: an experience sampling study in young adults with schizotypal traits Objective: Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are unusual experiences such as perceptual abnormalities and delusional-like thoughts that resemble the symptoms of psychosis at the sub-clinical level. PLEs are associated with sleep complaints in healthy and clinical samples; however, evidence for day-to-day associations between poor sleep and subsequent PLEs under naturalistic conditions is scarce. We hypothesized that poor sleep quality would predict next days' PLEs, and vice versa, daytime PLEs would be associated with worse subsequent sleep quality. Method: Seventy-three university students with moderate to high levels of positive schizotypy participated in an experience sampling study. Participants rated their sleep each morning, as well as PLEs and affective states during the day over 3 weeks. Results: Multilevel regression models indicated that poor sleep quality predicted increased PLEs the following day. Poor sleep was linked to negative daytime mood that partially mediated the associations between sleep quality and next days' PLEs. Furthermore, PLEs were enhanced in the evening as compared to daytime reports. The prediction of poor sleep quality by previous days' PLEs was negligible. Conclusions: The results are consistent with the position that sleeprelated interventions might reduce the risk of psychosis, especially in individuals that tend to experience psychotic-like phenomena and negative affect.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Significant Outcomes• Poor subjective sleep quality and short sleep predicted next days' psychotic-like experiences.• More psychotic-like experiences during the day predicted lower sleep quality the following night to some extent, but explained only a negligible portion of the variance.• The temporal associations between sleep quality and psychotic-like experiences were partially mediated by negative mood. Limitations• Sleep quality was measured by self-report questionnaires.• Lack of objective measures (e.g., actigraphy) of sleep quality. • High ratio of female participants.

show abstract

Models of Schizotypy: The Importance of Conceptual Clarity

Cited by 141 publications

References 61 publications

Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): I. Psychosis superspectrum

Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): I. Psychosis superspectrum

Subthreshold psychosis symptoms associated with molecular genetic risk in a population-based cohort: Findings from Generation Scotland

Poor sleep quality predicts psychotic‐like symptoms: an experience sampling study in young adults with schizotypal traits

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About