Models for Estimating Human Exposure to Pesticides

Ross, John H.; Driver, Jeffrey; Lunchick, Curt; O’Mahony, Cian

doi:10.1564/v26_feb_09

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…During an investigation by Cheke et al, a medical examination was done on farmers in Ekiti Table 2. Summary of some pesticides exposure models involving human monitoring (adapted from [16]).…”

Section: Farmers Perceptions and Experience Of Harmful Effects Of Pesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uses and Misuses of Agricultural Pesticides in Africa: Neglected Public Health Threats for Workers and Population

Bertrand¹

2019

Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment

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Pesticides are use in agriculture for their capacity to reduce pest and protect foods. Since their introduction in Africa by colonial masters, the use of these chemicals is constantly growing. Herbicides and insecticides are the two dominant categories. Although they are used in small quantities by farmers who own small exploitation, the frequency of their use, as well as overuses and misuses, constitutes serious factors of exposure and health risks. Farm workers are more vulnerable to occupational effects from pesticide inhalation and skin contacts. Failure to wear protective equipment and observe good agricultural practices explained health symptoms that are frequently experienced: eye and skin irritation, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Population is subject to chronic health effects due to repeated dietary intake of pesticides. Most consumed staple foods on the continent (cereals, vegetables, and fruits) have been found to be contaminated by one or multiple residues of pesticides. The level of residues is often higher than regulatory limits. Organization of surveillance programs to monitor concentration of pesticide residues remains inexistent in most countries, same for toxicovigilance systems to documented poisoning cases. Current data underline the need to carry out pesticide health risk assessment in order to appreciate the threats they pose for public health.

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Section: Farmers Perceptions and Experience Of Harmful Effects Of Pesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uses and Misuses of Agricultural Pesticides in Africa: Neglected Public Health Threats for Workers and Population

Bertrand¹

2019

Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment

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“…AOEM is an exposure model based on data collected from recent, representative and reproducible studies. Other exposure models, such as the UK POEM and German models, exist 27 but these models are based on old data, and are therefore not representative of current agricultural practices, particularly for the use of different types of PPE by operators 12 . The AOEM model calculates dermal exposure of the body assuming that the operator is wearing normal work clothes, defined as at least one layer of work clothing completely covering the body, arms and legs 23 , and a full-body PPE overall is not considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delaying the first grapevine fungicide application reduces exposure on operators by half

Chen

Brun

Raynal³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Downy mildew is a severe disease of grapevines treated by repeated fungicide applications during the growing season. The impact of these treatments on human health is currently under scrutiny. Fungicide application long before disease onset is not thought to be greatly beneficial for grape production, but the first fungicide treatment is applied at least six weeks before disease onset in more than 50% of the vineyards in the Bordeaux region, a major French vine-growing area. We estimate that applying one fungicide every two weeks at disease onset would reduce fungicide applications against downy mildew by 56% (95%IC = [51.0%, 61.3%]), on average, relative to current levels. This decrease is slightly greater than the level of exposure reduction resulting from the random suppression of one out of every two fungicide treatments (i.e. 50%). The reduction is lower when treatments are sprayed weekly but still reaches at least 12.4% (95%IC = [4.3%, 20.8%]) in this case. We show that this and other strategies reducing the number of treatments would decrease operator exposure to pesticides as effectively as the use of various types of personal protective equipments in the Bordeaux region. The implementation of this strategy would significantly decrease fungicide use, health risks, and adverse environmental impacts of vineyards. Downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is a major disease of grapevine worldwide. If left untreated, grape downy mildew (GDM) attacks can cause yield losses 1,2 and reduce grape quality 3. This disease is currently controlled mostly by intensive pesticide use, particularly in Bordeaux, a major vine-growing area in France 4. In this region, many vine growers start applying fungicides early in spring, and spraying is then repeated regularly throughout the growing season, about two or three times per month, depending on their action period. This strategy keeps damages levels low but entails a large number of fungicidal treatments (7.9 treatments per vineyard and year in average in France 5), with potential environmental implications, high production costs 6 and risks to human health, particularly for vine growers 7-11. Several approaches for reducing pesticide exposure have been proposed. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is often promoted as an efficient mean of reducing the exposure of operators (the individuals applying the treatments 12) to pesticides. However, it was pointed out that PPE was not systematically worn during pesticide applications 13. Indeed, wearing PPE appears to be uncomfortable in certain climatic conditions and in certain positions 14,15. Another limitation of this approach is its inability to reduce exposure of residents living close to vineyards. Concern about the exposure of residents to vineyards where pesticides are applied has increased sharply in recent years 16,17. Operator exposure could also be decreased by reducing fungicide use, as recommended by the Ecophyto II + Plan, initiated in 2018 in France following the European Directive on t...

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“…La literatura actual sobre el riesgo de los plaguicidas agrícolas señala que la evaluación de su riesgo debe asociar las vías de exposición con los resultados de estudios de biomonitoreo epidemiológico de las poblaciones humanas expuestas (Ross et al 2015). Ya existe evidencia empírica de la presencia de residuos de plaguicidas (o de biomarcadores de daño por plaguicidas) en las poblaciones agrícolas de Sonora.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Estos efectos se denominan de "largo plazo", ya que pueden tardar años en manifestarse clínicamente. Tal es el caso de cáncer, efectos neurotóxicos, endócrinos, de la reproducción y otros (Koureas et al 2012, Damalas 2015, Ross et al 2015, Teedon et al 2015, Butler-Dawson et al 2016.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Plaguicidas Agricolas: Un Marco De Referencia Para Evaluar Riesgos a La Salud en Comunidades Rurales en El Estado De Sonora, México

Silveira-Gramont

Aldana-Madrid

Piri-Santana

et al. 2018

Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie.

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Palabras clave: agroquímicos, exposición pasiva, dispersión de residuos, localidades rurales RESUMENEn diferentes proyectos realizados en Sonora, México, se comprobó la presencia de contaminación por agroquímicos en trabajadores y habitantes de localidades rurales aledañas a campos de cultivo. Para evaluar el peligro que representa para la salud de los habitantes la exposición pasiva de dichos compuestos, se requiere información confiable y actualizada sobre cultivos sembrados y plagas, así como cantidades, dosis y formas de aplicación de los plaguicidas utilizados, especialmente aquellos con potencial de riesgo para la salud. En este trabajo se propone un marco de referencia que permita identificar la información con que se cuenta a nivel local, como lo es el Distrito de Desarrollo Rural (DDR) 144-Hermosillo sobre cultivos y sus plagas, además de la intensidad y frecuencia de aplicación de plaguicidas por aspersión. En el periodo 2010 a 2014, nueve cultivos ocupaban el 80 % de la superficie sembrada en el DDR 144 Hermosillo y podían emplear 24 productos agroquímicos aplicados por aspersión. De éstos, los insecticidas organofosforados y herbicidas llegan a aplicarse de 16 a 211 t en 72 500 ha en una temporada, varios de estos plaguicidas son moderadamente persistentes en el ambiente y se consideran con efectos adversos a la salud por organizaciones nacionales e internacionales. Se concluye que en los predios agrícolas se asperjan suficientes cantidades de plaguicidas peligrosos, que pueden afectar la salud de los habitantes de localidades cercanas.Key words: agrochemicals, passive exposition, residue dispersion, rural communities Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie. 34 (1) 7-21, 2018 DOI: 10.20937/RICA.2018.34.01.01 M.I. Silveira-Gramont et al. 8ABSTRACT Different research projects in Sonora, Mexico, have proven contamination from pesticides in workers and locals living in communities near agricultural fields. To evaluate the health hazards from passive exposition of their inhabitants to such compounds, it is required reliable and updated information on the crops sown, their pests, as well as pesticide amounts, doses and forms of application, especially of agrochemicals that pose health risk potential. This work proposes a reference frame to identify the required information at a local level such as the Rural Development District (RDD) 144 Hermosillo, on crops, pests, besides the intensity and frequency of the application of pesticides by spraying. In the period from 2010 to 2014, nine crops occupied 72 500 ha (80 %) of the sown area in RDD Hermosillo, and could employ 24 most frequent agrochemical products applied by spray. Of those organophosphate insecticides and herbicides, 16 and 211 t were applied over 72 500 ha in one season. Several of these pesticides are moderately persistent in the environment and they are considered with adverse health effects by national and international organizations. It is concluded that in agricultural fields, enough quantities of hazardous pesticides are sprayed, which might possibly af...

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Models for Estimating Human Exposure to Pesticides

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Uses and Misuses of Agricultural Pesticides in Africa: Neglected Public Health Threats for Workers and Population

Uses and Misuses of Agricultural Pesticides in Africa: Neglected Public Health Threats for Workers and Population

Delaying the first grapevine fungicide application reduces exposure on operators by half

Plaguicidas Agricolas: Un Marco De Referencia Para Evaluar Riesgos a La Salud en Comunidades Rurales en El Estado De Sonora, México

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