Modelling transport phenomena in refrigerated food bulks, packages and stacks: basics and advances

Verboven, Pieter; Flick, Denis; Nicolaı̈, Bart; Álvarez, G.

doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2005.12.010

Cited by 118 publications

(103 citation statements)

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“…To address these questions regarding produce cooling behaviour in refrigerated containers, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a more appropriate tool and nicely complements basic calculations and experiments. CFD has been applied extensively within a FAC context Dehghannya et al, 2012Dehghannya et al, , 2011Dehghannya et al, , 2010Delele et al, 2013aDelele et al, , 2013bFerrua and Singh, 2011, 2009a, 2009bSmale et al, 2006;Verboven et al, 2006;Zou et al, 2006aZou et al, , 2006b, but only to a very limited extent for cooling during transport (James et al, 2006;Moureh and Flick, 2004;Moureh et al, 2009Moureh et al, , 2002Tapsoba et al, 2007Tapsoba et al, , 2006, predominantly for refrigerated vehicles.…”

Section: Side Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two approaches can be applied to represent the fruit in the boxes. In the porous medium approach (Ambaw et al, , 2013bNahor et al, 2005;Verboven et al, 2006), the fruit are modelled in bulk in the boxes as a porous medium. This approach allows modelling large ensembles of boxes, for example an entire cool room or a refrigerated container, but it does not provide information on cooling heterogeneity among individual fruit within a single box.…”

Section: Numerical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past, CFD has been extensively applied to model fluid flow for several food processing applications Norton and Sun, 2006;Norton et al, 2013;Smale et al, 2006;Verboven et al, 2006;Xia and Sun, 2002). The accuracy of CFD simulations depends to a large extent on the turbulence-modelling and boundarylayer modelling approaches that are used.…”

Section: Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Modelling an entire container (with 20 pallets) is currently numerically too challenging if the individual fruit are modelled discretely. At this scale, however, the porous medium approach can be applied (Ambaw et al, , 2013bNahor et al, 2005;Verboven et al, 2006). Additional full-scale experiments, similar to the one of Defraeye et al , are underway to complement the simulation results, which will allow to determine realistic SECTs that include actual stacking patterns, operating conditions and gaps between pallets.…”

Section: Computational Modelling Of Container Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Exploring ambient loading of citrus fruit into reefer containers for cooling during marine transport using computational fluid dynamics

Defraeye

Cronjé

Verboven

et al. 2015

Postharvest Biology and Technology

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Defraeye T., Cronjé P., Verboven P., Opara U.L., , Exploring ambient loading of citrus fruit into reefer containers for cooling during marine transport using computational fluid dynamics, Postharvest Biology and Technology 108, 91-101. AbstractA promising cold-chain protocol is explored as an alternative to the commonly-used forced-air pre-cooling (FAC) of citrus fruit prior to shipping: ambient loading of fruit in reefer containers for cooling during long-haul marine transport. Despite the multiple logistical and economical savings it provides, the potential of "ambient loading" of fruit in reefer containers has been left largely unexplored. The present study targets this aspect, but also cooling by vertical airflow in general. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to identify differences in cooling rate and uniformity between individual boxes at different heights on a pallet and between individual fruit within a single box. Simulations show that low airflow rates, typical for refrigerated containers, do not only induce slower fruit cooling, compared to FAC airflow rates, but also the cooling heterogeneity between different layers of boxes (in height) and between individual fruit in a single box is larger. In addition, the presence of gaps between pallets invokes airflow short-circuiting, leading to highly reduced fruit cooling rates. Finally, strategies for future improvement of the ambient loading protocol are proposed, which in the first place should target faster and more uniform cooling. Keywordscomputational fluid dynamics; package design; cold chain; airflow short-circuits; vent holes; convective transfer Defraeye T., Cronjé P., Verboven P., Opara U.L., , Exploring ambient loading of citrus fruit into reefer containers for cooling during marine transport using computational fluid dynamics, Postharvest Biology and Technology 108, 91-101.http://dx

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Section: Side Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Numerical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Computational Modelling Of Container Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Exploring ambient loading of citrus fruit into reefer containers for cooling during marine transport using computational fluid dynamics

Defraeye

Cronjé

Verboven

et al. 2015

Postharvest Biology and Technology

Self Cite

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“…A better understanding of the interactions between free flow and flow in porous media is critical for a variety of applications in different fields, like medical science (Chauhan et al 2011), building physics (Defraeye et al 2010), aerospace engineering (Dahmen et al 2014), food processing (Verboven et al 2006), and agriculture Fujimaki et al 2006). In many of these applications, the processes in the two domains are strongly coupled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Turbulence and Roughness on Coupled Porous-Medium/Free-Flow Exchange Processes

2016

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The interactions between turbulent free flow and flow in a porous medium are of key interest in different fields, e.g., meteorology, agriculture, building physics, and aerospace engineering. Properly understanding the strongly coupled exchange processes between the two domains is crucial to describing these interactions. In (Mosthaf et al. in Water Resour Res 47(10):W10522, 2011. doi:10.1029/2011WR010685), a concept for coupling laminar compositional single-phase free flow to compositional two-phase porous-medium flow under non-isothermal conditions was presented. In this study, the existing coupling concept is first extended to turbulent free-flow conditions. This includes the interface conditions between a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes free flow using algebraic turbulence models and a Darcy porous-medium flow. Second, eddy viscosity and boundary layer models for a rough interface are integrated into this model concept. Results from laboratory evaporation experiments are used for comparison of the developed model concept. A sensitivity analysis of the evaporation rate and porous-medium quantities on different model setups, boundary conditions, BeaversJoseph coefficients, and roughness lengths is performed. Results demonstrate how including turbulence, either with eddy viscosity or boundary layer models, affects the evaporation rate. The model concept is able to predict early stage-I and intermediate to later stage-II evaporation rates. Sand-grain roughness concepts are successfully included into the model and show the desired qualitative effect.

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Simultaneous Aerodynamic and Thermal Analysis during Cooling of Stacked Spheres inside Ventilated Packages

2008

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Aerodynamic and thermal analysis during forced convection cooling of produce was conducted by modeling coupled airflow and heat transfer. Air velocities and heterogeneity indexes were predicted for different configurations of package openings at an airflow rate of 0.022 m 3 /s. Predicted temperature profiles were compared with experimental data for model validation. Good agreement between model prediction and measured data was obtained. The results showed that airflow distribution during the process was not homogeneous. More uniform airflow distribution was obtained by increasing the vent area from 2.4 to 12.1 %. The highest cooling heterogeneity index (108 %) was recorded at 2.4 % vent area whereas the lowest heterogeneity index (0 %) was detected in a package with 12.1 % vent area. Proper package vent design is necessary to provide more uniform cooling operation during the forced convection cooling process.

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Modelling transport phenomena in refrigerated food bulks, packages and stacks: basics and advances

Cited by 118 publications

References 51 publications

Exploring ambient loading of citrus fruit into reefer containers for cooling during marine transport using computational fluid dynamics

Exploring ambient loading of citrus fruit into reefer containers for cooling during marine transport using computational fluid dynamics

Effect of Turbulence and Roughness on Coupled Porous-Medium/Free-Flow Exchange Processes

Simultaneous Aerodynamic and Thermal Analysis during Cooling of Stacked Spheres inside Ventilated Packages

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