Modelling the fate of micropollutants in the marine environment using passive sampling

Applications for Passive Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Water—A Review

“…The influence of matrix complexity (organic matter) on dissolved HOC concentrations was investigated in lab exposures [174]. PSDs were deployed in coastal waters and used to predict the concentrations of HOCs in other environmental compartments through equilibrium models [175,176]. PSDs have been exposed in sediments, pore waters, waters and the overlying atmosphere (gaseous and aerosol) to determine activity gradients across environmental compartments [177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185].…”

Passive Samplers vs Sentinel Organisms: One-Year Monitoring of Priority and Emerging Contaminants in Coastal Waters

“…HCA did not reveal any clear seasonal patterns for concentrations of individual compounds in clam To date, there are few studies measuring concentrations of emerging organic contaminants in seawater and biota simultaneously. 15,54 Most of them have studied priority compounds such as PAHs and PCBs using mussels as indicator organisms because of the slow biotransformation of these chemicals, 16 and to our knowledge no data for UV filters or OPFRs have been previously reported. 8,54 For instance, Joyce et al 15 found significant correlations in the concentrations of selected PCBs and pesticides in mussels and polyethylene passive samplers, as well as Claessens et al 54 However, Figueiredo et al, 13 who performed a similar study, did not find any correlation, and this was attributed to confounding factors from mussels, such as age, size, diet, condition index, or lipid content.…”

“…15,54 Most of them have studied priority compounds such as PAHs and PCBs using mussels as indicator organisms because of the slow biotransformation of these chemicals, 16 and to our knowledge no data for UV filters or OPFRs have been previously reported. 8,54 For instance, Joyce et al 15 found significant correlations in the concentrations of selected PCBs and pesticides in mussels and polyethylene passive samplers, as well as Claessens et al 54 However, Figueiredo et al, 13 who performed a similar study, did not find any correlation, and this was attributed to confounding factors from mussels, such as age, size, diet, condition index, or lipid content. This last factor is directly related to the health status and reproductive cycle in bivalves, as there is an increase in the lipid levels with gamete ripeness.…”

Emerging priority substances in the aquatic environment: a role for passive sampling in supporting WFD monitoring and compliance

“…It has also been well reported that the C water of hydrophobic compounds is proportional to concentrations in biota (C biota ) e.g. studies by , Mayer and Holmstrup, 2008and Claessens et al, 2015 As dissolved water concentrations are generally accepted to be linked to directly to aquatic toxicity potential, no normalisation for global comparability is required, thus such freely dissolved measurements are considered a more relevant metric for environmental assessments than are "total" concentrations in water or sediments. While PS clearly cannot be used to directly assess compliance with water or biota standards, it is also clear that there are significant limitations in using water and biota for compliance, for example with respect to detection capability, temporal representativeness and inter-sample comparability for complex matrices.…”

“…Strong correlations between mussels and silicon rubber passive samplers for organic compounds, both in terms of concentrations measured and effects have been reported. Data from 10 years of monitoring in the Netherlands, and from a passive sampling trial conducted by ICES in 2007 demonstrate a clear relationship between concentrations of PCBs and PAHs in target organisms (primarily mussels) and in passive sampling 42 have demonstrated potential mechanisms for the conversion of C water into that determined in mussels and while differences are noted these are of the order expected from such an exercise. Booij and Smedes, 2010, 10 developed a model to compare and contrast the differences in sample matrices using data from studies carried out on hydrophobic compounds in mussels and SPMDs in the Scheldt-North Sea area.…”