Brown
carbon is a strong light-absorbing substance that significantly
influences the regional radiative forcing. The interactions between
brown carbon and ions could affect the UV–vis spectrum in an
aqueous aerosol. The structures, electronic properties, and interaction
energies of the molecular clusters of the common atmospheric ions
(Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+,
Cl–, and NO3
–) with p-nitrophenol were investigated using density functional
theory (DFT) employing the B3LYP-D3/def2-TZVP approach. The interaction
energies show that the most stable structures are formed with the
metal bidentating to the nitro group. In addition, there are also
molecular interactions between anions and the hydroxyl group. Thus,
these interactions result in red shifts of the OH- and NO2-stretching vibrational transitions. Furthermore, a time-dependent
density functional theory (TD-DFT) was utilized to reveal the UV–vis
properties of the systems between common atmospheric ions and brown
carbons. Consequently, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)
and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) were calculated
and plotted. The metal ion has a larger influence on the HOMO–LUMO
gap than the anion. As a result, a larger HOMO–LUMO gap has
a longer max absorption wavelength in the UV–vis spectra. The
max absorption wavelengths are greatly increased by 29–35 nm
for Na+/K+–p-nitrophenol–anion
and 60–65 nm for Ca2+/Mg2+–p-nitrophenol–anion as compared with the isolated p-nitrophenol monomer. Moreover, the absorption spectra
display a solvent-driven difference between water and gas. The absorbance
is also blue-shifted under basic conditions. More specifically, this
could help to understand the roles of metals and anions in nitrophenol
through the UV–vis spectroscopies.