Modelling soot formation from wall films in a gasoline direct injection engine using a detailed population balance model

Wang, Buyu; Mosbach, Sebastian; Schmutzhard, Sebastian; Shuai, Shijin; Huang, Yaqing; Kraft, Markus

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.011

Cited by 90 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Some authors state that particles belonging to this mode are mainly formed by volatile components such as unburned hydrocarbon and sulfates [48,49], but also some others state that nucleation mode are the main precursors for soot particles and the composition can be carbonaceous substances derived from the pyrolysis reaction [50,51]. The other mode is the accumulation-mode, which is formed for particles between 30 nm to 1 µm and its chemical composition is of agglomerates of soot with hydrocarbons absorbed on the surface [22,52,53].…”

Section: Calculations Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This principle opposes the combustion process that occurs in GDI engines. Ignition delay and early SOI (during the intake stroke) provide the more homogeneous charge reducing the fuel-rich zones, so the traditional soot formation mechanism may not be applied for GDI engines [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The soot formation process in GDI engines has been extensively investigated in several studies [22,[24][25][26]. These studies concluded that the soot formation can be attributed to different factors: (i) short time for AF mixture preparation due to a delayed SOI leading to rich local zones and, (ii) the fuel film trapped on the piston surface and the cylinder wall, which typically occurs when the SOI is carried out very early during the intake stroke, and (iii) injection characteristics such a spray cone angle, tip penetration and injector diffusion flame, and (iv) hardware interactions like impingement on the liner or spray interaction with the intake valves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Analysis of Regulated Pollutant Emissions and Aftertreatment Efficiency in a GTDi Engine Using Different SOI Strategies

Bermúdez

Luján

Climent

et al. 2018

SAE Int. J. Engines

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In order to improve performance and minimize pollutant emissions in gasoline turbocharged directinjection (GTDi) engines, different injection strategies and technologies are being investigated. The inclusion of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and the variation of the start of injection (SOI) are some of these strategies that can influence the air-to-fuel (AF) mixture formation and consequently in the combustion process and pollutant emissions. This paper presents a complete study of the engine performance, pollutant emissions and aftertreatment efficiency that produces the SOI variation with a fixed EGR rate in a 4-cylinder, turbocharged, gasoline direct-injection engine with 2.0 L displacement. The equipment used in this study are TSI-EEPS for particle measurement and HORIBA MEXA 1230-PM for soot measurement being HORIBA MEXA 7100-DEGR with a heated line selector the system employed for regulated gaseous emission measurement and aftertreatment evaluation. The experimental results confirm how the use of an adequate SOI strategy is indispensable to obtain low exhaust emissions values and a balance between the different pollutants. There was found a slight reduction in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) with the SOI advance. The experiments showed a decrease in CO, a non-sensible variation of THC and an increase in NOx emissions with SOI delay. Additionally, a significant increase in particle emissions was observed with early SOIs. Finally, with the SOI delay the aftertreatment performance revealed an increase in the oxidation of CO and a decrease in the reduction of NOx.

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Section: Calculations Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Analysis of Regulated Pollutant Emissions and Aftertreatment Efficiency in a GTDi Engine Using Different SOI Strategies

Bermúdez

Luján

Climent

et al. 2018

SAE Int. J. Engines

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…= res IVC (9) The total cylinder charge at IVC (m IVC ) is calculated according to Equation (10), where the retained mass (m ret ) is obtained from Equation (6), since the TR and m del is measured experimentally. To estimate the residual gas mass (m res ), and accordingly IGR, a calculation method was developed based on the application of two fundamental thermodynamic balances at IVC, the mass balance and the enthalpy balance, according to Equations (10) and (11). The conditions at IVC are the result of combining the conditions of the intake trapped air and the residual gases retained from the previous cycle.…”

Section: = (6)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of air management strategies on particulate number and size distributions from a 2-stroke compression-ignition engine operating with gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion concept

Bermúdez

Ruíz

Novella

et al. 2018

International Journal of Engine Research

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Bermúdez, V.; Ruiz, S.; Novella Rosa, R.; Soto-Izquierdo, L. (2018). Assessment of air management strategies on particulate number and size distributions from a 2-stroke compression-ignition engine operating with gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion concept. AbstractThe newly designed Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) concept has demonstrated its potential to reduce NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions combined with highly indicated efficiencies. However, it is highly dependent of the ignition characteristics of the fuel and the air/fuel mixture preparation. Therefore, the proper selection of an injection strategy, of the combustion chamber design and of the air management strategy are critical to ensuring successful PPC operation in the full engine map. The objective of the present investigation consists of evaluating the use of multiple air management strategies over the air/fuel effective equivalence ratio (ɸ eff ) and cylinder charge reactivity and its consequent impact on particle number (PN) emissions and particle size distribution. Tests were carried out in a newly designed 2-stroke HSDI CI engine operating with PPC concept using 95 Research Octane Number (RON) gasoline fuel. A Scanning Particle Sizer (SMPS) was used to measure the size distribution of engine-exhaust particles in the range from 6.3 to 237 nm. Three different steady-state operation modes in terms of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and engine speed were investigated. The experiments showed an increase in PN emissions and a progressive shift in the particles size towards larger sizes, increasing the accumulation-mode particles and reducing the nucleation-mode particles with the decreasing of the differential pressure between intake and exhaust (ΔP) and the valve overlap (OLAP) period. Finally, the particle formation process was limited by the increase in the EGR rate.

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“…One of the aspects brings the spray-wall interaction into account (Schulz et al, 2014;Montanaro et al, 2012;. It has been indicated that the impingement of liquid fuel on the combustion chamber wall and piston is a possible source for unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and particulate matter emissions (Bonatesta et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2016). This impingement is usually modelled under the light of employing the mundo-sommerfeld and kuhnke models (Montanaro et al, 2016;Moreira et al, 2011;Kuhnke, 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Study on the Effects of Fuel Injection Characteristics on the Performance of a Lean Burn SG-GDI Engine towards High Efficiency and Emissions Reduction

Sarmast

Ziabasharhagh

Salavati-Zadeh

et al. 2019

JAFM

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The effects of spark and injection characteristics as well as split injection on the performance and emissions of a spray-guided gasoline direct injection (SG-GDI) engine operating close to stoichiometric conditions are assessed. To accomplish this, a 6-holes injector is simulated and the results are validated against available experimental data for spray penetration length. In addition, an open-cycle multi-dimensional model is developed for a port fuel injection (PFI) engine and the model outcomes are verified against in-cylinder pressure profile and normalized heat release rate. The GDI engine model is yielded under the light of embedment of the above-mentioned models. The model is then employed for investigation of the effects of injector angle, injection pressure, start of first and second injections and two-stage fuel injection with different fuel mass ratios at first and second injections, i.e., split injection, on mixture formation, combustion and engine emissions. The results show the pivotal role of the injector angle on formation of the mixture and output power. On the other hand, it is indicated that while practicing the split injection strategy, the flammability of the relatively stratified lean mixture with fuel to air equivalence ratio of 1.15 around the spark plug, surpasses that of stratified mixture.

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Modelling soot formation from wall films in a gasoline direct injection engine using a detailed population balance model

Cited by 90 publications

References 75 publications

Analysis of Regulated Pollutant Emissions and Aftertreatment Efficiency in a GTDi Engine Using Different SOI Strategies

Analysis of Regulated Pollutant Emissions and Aftertreatment Efficiency in a GTDi Engine Using Different SOI Strategies

Assessment of air management strategies on particulate number and size distributions from a 2-stroke compression-ignition engine operating with gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion concept

Numerical Study on the Effects of Fuel Injection Characteristics on the Performance of a Lean Burn SG-GDI Engine towards High Efficiency and Emissions Reduction

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