Modelling perceived risk and trust in driving automation reacting to merging and braking vehicles

He, Xiaolin; Stapel, Jork; Wang, Meng; Happee, Riender

doi:10.1016/j.trf.2022.02.016

Cited by 34 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Additionally, small sample sizes hindered the research possibilities on demographics. Previous studies showed that gender [ 59 ] and driving experience [ 20 ] may impact event appraisals and corresponding responses. Hence, future studies should investigate the effect of gender and experience on novelty appraisal in the feeling of risk with larger participant samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, skin conductance level (SCL), one of the indicators of autonomic nervous system activity, has been described to represent drivers’ arousal when experiencing fear [ 9 ]. Furthermore, in a recent simulator study [ 20 ], pupil dilation was suggested as an indicator of perceived risk in vehicles. Through video recognition based on the Facial Action Coding System (FACS [ 21 , 22 ]) and facial electromyography (EMG), facial expressions were also often applied to recognize emotion in vehicles [ 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Novelty Appraisal of the Feeling of Risk in Vehicles

Zhang

Jipp

Ihme

2022

IJERPH

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Nowadays, vehicle assistance systems may assess the risks of the traffic situation with the help of advanced sensor technology and optimized algorithms. However, the passengers’ feelings of risk in the vehicle have been mostly neglected. According to the Component Process Model of emotions, during the feeling of risk, novelty is one of the relevant event appraisals leading to particular physiological and facial responses. In order to identify whether or not indicators for novelty appraisal may be used for detecting the feeling of risk of vehicle occupants, we investigated physiological responses and facial expressions of individuals experiencing the feeling of risk with different levels of novelty. This secondary analysis of an earlier simulator study revealed that pupil diameter amplitude, skin conductance level changes, and changes in and amplitude of activity in facial expressions (the inner and outer brow raiser, brow lowerer, upper lid raiser and lid tightener) were correlated with the reduction in the novelty, suggesting that they could indicate the novelty of the feeling of risk of vehicle occupants. Hence, this research provides evidence for the novelty appraisal of the feeling of risk. Furthermore, it informs research on affect-aware systems to identify and reduce the feeling of risk of vehicle occupants in order to help to keep trust in automated vehicles high.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Novelty Appraisal of the Feeling of Risk in Vehicles

Zhang

Jipp

Ihme

2022

IJERPH

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“…Perceived safety, trust, and naturalness Perceived safety, trust, and naturalness (sometimes referred to as familiarity), have been linked to comfort in automated driving (Elbanhawi et al, 2015;Paddeu et al, 2020), and each concept is also considered to be influenced by a vehicle's driving style (Hajiseyedjavadi et al, 2022;He et al, 2022;Lee et al, 2019;Oliveira et al, 2019;Summala, 2007). Some of these concepts, together with comfort, are frequently used interchangeably.…”

Section: The Link Between Driving Styles and Comfortmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of these concepts, together with comfort, are frequently used interchangeably. For example, He et al (2022) describe perceived safety as "feeling relaxed, safe and comfortable" (p.179). Although a number of studies have described trust in automation, perhaps the most cited is one provided by Lee and See (2004) as: "the attitude that an agent will help achieve an individual's goal in a situation characterised by uncertainty and vulnerability" (p.51).…”

Section: The Link Between Driving Styles and Comfortmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptualising user comfort in automated driving: Findings from an expert group workshop

Peng¹,

Horn²,

Madigan³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Automated driving needs to be comfortable to encourage the broad acceptance and usage of automated vehicles (AVs). However, current research provides limited knowledge on the descriptions and influencing factors of user comfort in automated driving, especially from the perspective of an AV’s driving styles. This paper presents results from an online workshop, in which nine experts with hands-on experience of AVs, and a long track record of research in this context, brainstormed and discussed a series of topics related to user comfort in automated driving. Results showed that a wide range of terms were used to describe user comfort and discomfort, when the attendees considered being driven by either currently available transport modes (e.g., taxi/bus/train) or higher-level AVs (with neither requiring control of the vehicle by the user). All of the terms used for existing vehicles were found to apply to AVs, but additional aspects of comfort/discomfort were revealed for AVs. This suggests that what makes existing transport modes comfortable is not the same as that for higher-level AVs. Regarding the relationship between comfort and discomfort in automated driving, seven and ten categories of terms were identified for comfort and discomfort, respectively, with both the number and the nature of these categories differing across the two states. This suggests that, to ensure user comfort in automated driving, additional factors that affect comfort must be considered, rather than solely mitigating discomfort. By integrating these multiple aspects that affect user comfort, knowledge from the workshop was used to develop a conceptual framework, to explain how AV driving styles, as well as other, non-driving-related factors, affect user comfort, from both a physical and psychological perspective. This work provides an overview of experts’ insights on the factors that affect comfort in automated driving, and will facilitate a more comprehensive definition, and more accurate measurement, of user comfort, facilitating the design of more comfortable and acceptable automated driving for future vehicles.

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“…A growing body of studies are currently investigating passengers' risk perception during automated driving (e.g., He et al, 2022;Li et al, 2019;Pascale et al, 2021;Stange et al, 2022). Stange et al (2022) examined passengers' risk perception when approaching a T-junction with crossing pedestrians and bicyclists in an automated vehicle in a multi-method study, including an online video study, a driving simulator study, and a Hu&ViL study.…”

Section: Previous Research On Risk Perception and Trust Of Passengers...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the automated vehicle “aware” of the pedestrian? Examining driving behavior adaptation as a cue to inform the passenger of a potential hazard

Stange

Steimle

Maurer

et al. 2022

Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives

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Modelling perceived risk and trust in driving automation reacting to merging and braking vehicles

Cited by 34 publications

References 59 publications

The Novelty Appraisal of the Feeling of Risk in Vehicles

The Novelty Appraisal of the Feeling of Risk in Vehicles

Conceptualising user comfort in automated driving: Findings from an expert group workshop

Is the automated vehicle “aware” of the pedestrian? Examining driving behavior adaptation as a cue to inform the passenger of a potential hazard

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