“…Distributed FDI architecture consists of subsystem models and is implemented with local diagnosers that together guarantee the same diagnosability as a regular centralized architecture, allowing high performance in scalability, reliability, communication, and reduced computation costs [27][28][29]. In this sense, given that oil pipelines are large-scale distributed plants [4,30] with many components, it would be more convenient to apply the distributed FDI approach, in which, unlike centralized approaches, knowing the model of the global plant is not mandatory [17,25,31]. Additionally, the main performance indexes of FDI methods in OPS are positioning accuracy, response time, sensitivity, and false alarm rate [32].…”