Modelling of the sodium-ferrous chloride electrochemical cell

Advanced materials for sodium-beta alumina batteries: Status, challenges and perspectives

“…At relatively low cost, ferrous chloride is a popular cathode material for ZEBRA batteries [77,78,[90][91][92]. Similar to the sodium/nickel chloride couple, sodium/ferrous chloride cathode shows a preferred operating voltage range (see Fig.…”

Electrochemical Modelling of Na-MCl2 Battery Cells Based on an Expanded Approximation Method

“…Additionally, he was able to reduce the complexity of Sudoh et al's assumptions, while retaining comparability to the experimental data. An even more straightforward approach was presented by Orchard and Weaving [15]. Their equivalent circuit model (EC model) divides the cathode compartment into segments of equal size.…”

“…In addition to the implementation of the second reactions (Equations ( 1) and ( 2)), the model should be capable of representing the charging and discharging of a Na-MCl 2 cell with cylindrical geometry. With the advantages described above, the approximation approach of Orchard and Weaving [15] will serve as a basis for the presented model, while the requirements of a cell working with both active materials will be addressed.…”

“…Likewise, the electrons flow through the complex metal matrix towards the side of the reaction. To account for this complex interplay of electrochemical reactions and charge transport in the model, the cathodic overpotential (η c ) is calculated according to Orchard and Weaving [15] based on an equivalent circuit shown in Figure 2. Either the discharge or charge processes are divided into j timesteps.…”

“…Any oxidation (charge) or reduction (discharge) of the active compound includes a charge transfer process, which can be described by the Butler-Volmer equation (Equation ( 7)), where the contribution of a single segment is given by the current density, j n,j [11,15,25]. This process represents the phase change of ionic current in the electrolyte to electronic current in the metal matrix.…”