Modelling of stomatal density response to atmospheric

Konrad, Wilfried; Roth‐Nebelsick, Anita; Grein, Michaela

doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.03.032

Cited by 138 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…These studies indicate that angiosperms respond with a higher sensitivity in g s to elevated CO 2 than conifers. Our results suggest that differences in CO 2 response could result from the plant physiological cost of water loss, represented by the Lagrangian multiplier (λ) (Table S2) in the optimization procedure (15). According to the optimization hypothesis, angiosperm species with a low λ can resort to high values of g smax to function under low CO 2 , whereas conifer species with a high λ cannot.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…in which Γ (mol·mol −1 ) is the CO 2 compensation point in absence of dark respiration (15). The underlying assumption of this approach is that plants cannot transpire more water than they can transport from the soil, through their roots and stem up to their leaves (48).…”

Section: Model Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite advances to quantify this physiological forcing with global climate models (11,12), these models rely on semiempirical relations to simulate g s from environmental variables (13,14). Alternative models have been proposed on the mechanism that stomatal adaptations optimize carbon gain under the constraint of a cost of water loss (15,16). Because of their mechanistic representation of stomatal responses, optimization models are potentially suitable to simulate canopy gas exchange under changing CO 2 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent advances in stomatal modeling provide possibilities to tackle the first challenge, because the hypothesis that plants adapt g smax structurally to rising CO 2 to optimize carbon gain with water loss can be solved mathematically (15,16). However, limited experimental data are available for model validation because experiments are generally too short to measure structural stomatal adaptation in forests that take decades or longer to fully adapt to elevated CO 2 (20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate forcing due to optimization of maximal leaf conductance in subtropical vegetation under rising CO ₂

Boer

Lammertsma

Wagner-Cremer

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

145

102

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Plant physiological adaptation to the global rise in atmospheric CO 2 concentration (CO 2 ) is identified as a crucial climatic forcing. To optimize functioning under rising CO 2 , plants reduce the diffusive stomatal conductance of their leaves (g s ) dynamically by closing stomata and structurally by growing leaves with altered stomatal densities and pore sizes. The structural adaptations reduce maximal stomatal conductance (g smax ) and constrain the dynamic responses of g s . Here, we develop and validate models that simulate structural stomatal adaptations based on diffusion of CO 2 and water vapor through stomata, photosynthesis, and optimization of carbon gain under the constraint of a plant physiological cost of water loss. We propose that the ongoing optimization of g smax is eventually limited by species-specific limits to phenotypic plasticity. Our model reproduces observed structural stomatal adaptations and predicts that adaptation will continue beyond double CO 2 . Owing to their distinct stomatal dimensions, angiosperms reach their phenotypic response limits on average at 740 ppm and conifers on average at 1,250 ppm CO 2 . Further, our simulations predict that doubling today's CO 2 will decrease the annual transpiration flux of subtropical vegetation in Florida by ≈60 W·m −2 . We conclude that plant adaptation to rising CO 2 is altering the freshwater cycle and climate and will continue to do so throughout this century.climate change | physiological forcing | plant evolution P lants respond to the complex of environmental signals they perceive by plastic changes in their phenotype to increase individual fitness (1). The most apparent environmental change that induces phenotypic adaptations in plants is the global increase in atmospheric CO 2 concentration (CO 2 ) (2). In response to this rise in CO 2 , plants reduce the diffusive stomatal conductance of their leaves [g s (mol·m −2 ·s −1 )] to increase drought resistance (3) and reduce physiological costs associated with water transport (4). Plants can reduce g s by dynamically closing their stomata within minutes (5, 6), and structurally within the lifespan of an individual by growing leaves with altered stomatal density [D (number of stomata·m −2 )] and pore size at maximal stomatal opening [a max (m 2 )] (7, 8). Structural adaptations thereby reduce maximal stomatal conductance [g smax (mol·m −2 · s −1 )], which critically reduces actual g s , especially when stomata are fully open during times with ample light and water (9).Reduction of g s via structural adaptation of g smax has the potential to reduce transpiration fluxes and, thus, cause land surface warming in addition to changes in the global hydrological cycle with rising CO 2 (10). This climatic effect is termed the physiological forcing of CO 2 , which acts beside and independent of its radiative forcing. Despite advances to quantify this physiological forcing with global climate models (11, 12), these models rely on semiempirical relations to simulate g s from environmental variables (...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Model Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate forcing due to optimization of maximal leaf conductance in subtropical vegetation under rising CO ₂

Boer

Lammertsma

Wagner-Cremer

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

145

102

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“…This has been especially problematic in attempts to use the change in D in leaf fossils, alone, as a proxy for change in global mean c a (Royer, 2014). A detailed theoretical framework for modeling the response of D to c a has been proposed that uses principles of leaf gas-exchange optimization (Konrad et al, 2008), but this awaits broader implementation and validation.…”

Section: Stomatal Size Density and Conductance Through Deep Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Stomatal Function across Temporal and Spatial Scales: Deep-Time Trends, Land-Atmosphere Coupling and Global Models

et al. 2017

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New constraints on atmospheric CO₂ concentration for the Phanerozoic

Franks

Royer

Beerling

et al. 2014

Geophysical Research Letters

209

445

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Earth's atmospheric CO 2 concentration (c a ) for the Phanerozoic Eon is estimated from proxies and geochemical carbon cycle models. Most estimates come with large, sometimes unbounded uncertainty. Here, we calculate tightly constrained estimates of c a using a universal equation for leaf gas exchange, with key variables obtained directly from the carbon isotope composition and stomatal anatomy of fossil leaves. Our new estimates, validated against ice cores and direct measurements of c a , are less than 1000 ppm for most of the Phanerozoic, from the Devonian to the present, coincident with the appearance and global proliferation of forests. Uncertainties, obtained from Monte Carlo simulations, are typically less than for c a estimates from other approaches. These results provide critical new empirical support for the emerging view that large (~2000-3000 ppm), long-term swings in c a do not characterize the post-Devonian and that Earth's long-term climate sensitivity to c a is greater than originally thought.

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Modelling of stomatal density response to atmospheric

Cited by 138 publications

References 55 publications

Climate forcing due to optimization of maximal leaf conductance in subtropical vegetation under rising CO ₂

Climate forcing due to optimization of maximal leaf conductance in subtropical vegetation under rising CO ₂

Stomatal Function across Temporal and Spatial Scales: Deep-Time Trends, Land-Atmosphere Coupling and Global Models

New constraints on atmospheric CO₂ concentration for the Phanerozoic

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Modelling of stomatal density response to atmospheric

Cited by 138 publications

References 55 publications

Climate forcing due to optimization of maximal leaf conductance in subtropical vegetation under rising CO 2

Climate forcing due to optimization of maximal leaf conductance in subtropical vegetation under rising CO 2

Stomatal Function across Temporal and Spatial Scales: Deep-Time Trends, Land-Atmosphere Coupling and Global Models

New constraints on atmospheric CO2 concentration for the Phanerozoic

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Climate forcing due to optimization of maximal leaf conductance in subtropical vegetation under rising CO ₂

Climate forcing due to optimization of maximal leaf conductance in subtropical vegetation under rising CO ₂

New constraints on atmospheric CO₂ concentration for the Phanerozoic