“…A grain size effect will be introduced at the scale of individual slip systems by introducing a Hall-Petch type, size-dependent, hardening term in r s . This is a simple but rather common approach [25,37,38], which is computationally-efficient and therefore applicable to the analysis of polycrystals with large numbers of grains. In contrast, approaches based on the mechanics of generalized continua, such as Cosserat, micromorphic or gradient-plasticity modellings [39,40,41,42], introduce supplementary degrees of freedom and remain delicate to use with polycrystals with large numbers of grains.…”