Modelling of IoT Traffic and Its Impact on LoRaWAN

Gupta, Vinay; Devar, Sendil Kumar; Kumar, N. Hari; Bagadi, Kala Praveen

doi:10.1109/glocom.2017.8254512

Cited by 44 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…A realistic traffic generation is studied by Gupta et al [69] for LoRaWAN networks. Using generated traffic, interference in node-to-GW radio communication is evaluated.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

et al. 2019

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Internet of Things (IoT) expansion led the market to find alternative communication technologies since existing protocols are insufficient in terms of coverage, energy consumption to fit IoT needs. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) emerged as an alternative cost-effective communication technology for the IoT market. LoRaWAN is an open LPWAN standard developed by LoRa Alliance and has key features i.e., low energy consumption, long-range communication, builtin security, GPS-free positioning. In this paper, we will introduce LoRaWAN technology, the state of art studies in the literature and provide open opportunities. Several LPWANs emerged on both licensed and unlicensed bands, LoRaWAN, Sigfox and, NB-IoT are widely deployed vital technologies [3].Sigfox is an ultra-narrow band network that is patented and operated by Sigfox. Sigfox occupies 100 Hz and operates at 433MHz, 868MHz and 915MHz frequencies depending on the geographical regions. Technology has strict constraints on the number of packets (140 per day) and the packet size (12 bytes) to be sent. Also, LoRaWAN has similar policies to prevent network congestion allowing channels to be available only %1 duty-cycle for EU 868MHz (See Section 2.4.7). NB-IoT is an ultra-narrow band technology developed by the 3GPP group which can be adopted on GSM and LTE networks. It occupies 200 MHz bandwidth and can reach up to 200 kbps data transmission speed. Compared to LoRaWAN, Sigfox and NB-IoT operated by global network operators which limit deployments of the private networks [4].An overview comparison of the three networks is shown in Table 1. When LPWAN characteristics are considered LoRaWAN becomes a strong candidate for both scientific and industrial uses cases.LoRa referrer to Long Range and a physical layer technology patented by Semtech [5].LoRaWAN is an open protocol proposed by the LoRa Alliance which enables the MAC layer for the network [6].In this study, we will introduce the technological aspects of LoRaWAN and the state of art studies fulfilled about LoRaWAN till today. LoRaWAN protocol was first released in 2015 and had a few minor revisions, the differences in the protocol has been highlighted in the relevant subsection. In the survey, we will introduce LoRaWAN in depth both technological aspects and the use cases of its different areas. We categorized literature studies as in Figure 1. Studies are classified as two main sections; network technology and the applications, each section has own sub-branches. The majority of the work is focused on the coverage tests and applicability of the technology for different fields from large scale smart city applications to personal tracking assets. However, there are still gaps in the literature where researchers can address these problems such as post-disaster communication, decentralized networks, network management, and Adaptive Data Rate.

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“…A realistic traffic generation is studied by Gupta et al [69] for LoRaWAN networks. Using generated traffic, interference in node-to-GW radio communication is evaluated.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In this section, we briefly describe the existing resource assignment schemes under static and mobility environments. The resource allocation issues in LoRaWANs have been studied mostly for static EDs [9]- [12]. However, limited attention is paid to resource management when EDs are mobile [13].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When an unbalanced scenario arises, a different SF is assigned based on the weight to ensure bias between the SF and channel. Another work [12] presented a system-level simulation concerning heterogeneous traffic. The authors Communication PSR requirement Assisted living/Medical G1 8 100 bytes Indoor/outdoor Yes Bi-directional 90% Pet tracking G2 48 50 bytes Indoor/outdoor Yes Bi-directional 90% Agriculture-livestock tracking G3 100 50 bytes Indoor/outdoor Yes Bi-directional 90% aimed to increase the PSR by assigning the lowest possible SF based on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the ED packet.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a class A network, an ED can transmit a UL packet either as confirmed or unconfirmed, using a series of spreading factors (SFs) (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) as the ALOHA channel access mechanism. A UL packet sent as confirmed is required to receive an acknowledgment (ACK) from the NS in a receive window (RX1) with an SF identical to that used in the UL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mobility-Aware Resource Assignment to IoT Applications in Long-Range Wide Area Networks

Farhad

Kim

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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The long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) has recently emerged as one of the most potential technologies for the mobile Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In a LoRaWAN, the networkmanaged adaptive data rate (ADR) method is responsible for managing resource allocation (i.e., spreading factor (SF) and transmit power (TP)) to end-devices (EDs) through ADR commands. When an ED is mobile and receives a new configuration (i.e., SF and TP) from the network server, the propagation scenario could have been dramatically changed. Hence, the SF and the link budget will no longer be valid, which results in packet loss and massive retransmissions. Therefore, we propose a mobility-aware resource (SF) assignment scheme (M-ASFA), which aims to allocate the best SF to IoT-enabled mobile EDs at each uplink transmission by considering the strength of the signals that a gateway receives from the EDs. The simulation results demonstrate that, in our proposed M-ASFA solution, the SF is assigned to mobile EDs by proactively responding to the mobility of the EDs. This proactive behavior of the proposed scheme enhances the packet success ratio by significantly reducing the impact of interference, retransmissions, and packet loss when compared with the LoRaWAN-based ADR.

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“…For this reason the existing literature focuses mostly on IoT best-effort applications, exhibiting scenarios with only unconfirmed messages, without taking into account downlink traffic even when it would have been necessary (e.g. [4] [13]). Indeed, sending sporadic data back to devices is an intrinsic necessity of LoRaWAN functioning, making downlink traffic a crucial and significant component for a proper scalability analysis of the technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Downlink Scalability in LoRaWAN

Vincenzo

Heusse

Tourancheau

2019

ICC 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)

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Although LoRaWAN offers many advantages, one of its main limitation is the insufficient downlink capacity in large-scale scenarios. This makes reliable communication impractical as, in LoRaWAN, reliability is achieved through the acknowledgement of confirmed messages. The contribution of this paper is to provide a comprehensive description of the problems associated with the presence of downlink traffic and to propose solutions to enable the use of acknowledgments for low to medium downlink load. The proposed mechanisms build on a more adequate and flexible choice of the gateway for each downlink transmission by the network server. Thus, they are entirely compatible with existing LoRaWAN technologies and deployments. Our simulation results show that the proposed solutions enable the successful realization of a higher percentage of LoRaWAN confirmed messages. Thus, the common practice of strongly discouraging the use of confirmed messages could be reconsidered to allow applications that require reliable communication.

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Modelling of IoT Traffic and Its Impact on LoRaWAN

Cited by 44 publications

References 6 publications

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

Mobility-Aware Resource Assignment to IoT Applications in Long-Range Wide Area Networks

Improving Downlink Scalability in LoRaWAN

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