Modelling level I Axillary Lymph Nodes depth for Microwave Imaging

Godinho, Daniela M.; Silva, Carolina; Baleia, Cláudia; Felício, João M.; Castela, Tiago; Silva, Nuno; Orvalho, M. Lurdes; Fernandes, Carlos A.; Conceição, Raquel C.

doi:10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.11.008

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In this paper, we consider simplified scenarios and evaluate the performance of distinct skin artifact removal and beamforming algorithms when the complexity of the model increases. Anatomically realistic shapes of the axillary region have been considered in previous studies [ 16 , 18 ] but the study in our paper is essential to understand the effect of each component of the model in the quality of imaging results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, considering the complexity of the axillary region shape, two main novelties were employed in this study: we considered a higher frequency band with a central frequency of 7.5 GHz when compared to a central frequency of 4 GHz in [ 16 , 18 , 44 ]; and we evaluated a planar antenna positioning spread over a distance of 80 mm when compared to a cylindrical antenna positioning [ 16 , 18 ]. A higher frequency band allows for reduced antenna dimensions and an increase in the density of antenna positions spread over the axillary region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, we only present models with ALNs whose longest axis is 12 mm. ALNs were placed at different depths of 20 mm and 37 mm under the skin (with reference to the center of the ALNs), respectively, within the range of ALN depths reported in [ 18 ]. An array of 16 antennas was placed on the skin, equally spaced and spread over a distance of 80 mm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, MWI presents several advantages compared to other imaging systems, namely the fact that it uses non-ionizing radiation, it is non-invasive, it is potentially low-cost and can be portable [ 13 ]. Recently, MWI has been studied for the early non-invasive detection of ALNs [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. In most recent work [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], anatomically realistic models of the axillary region have been used to test these MWI systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, MWI has been studied for the early non-invasive detection of ALNs [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. In most recent work [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], anatomically realistic models of the axillary region have been used to test these MWI systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Evaluating the Performance of Algorithms in Axillary Microwave Imaging towards Improved Breast Cancer Staging

Pato

Eleuterio

Conceição

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Breast cancer is the most common and the fifth deadliest cancer worldwide. In more advanced stages of cancer, cancer cells metastasize through lymphatic and blood vessels. Currently there is no satisfactory neoadjuvant (i.e., preoperative) diagnosis to assess whether cancer has spread to neighboring Axillary Lymph Nodes (ALN). This paper addresses the use of radar Microwave Imaging (MWI) to detect and determine whether ALNs have been metastasized, presenting an analysis of the performance of different artifact removal and beamformer algorithms in distinct anatomical scenarios. We assess distinct axillary region models and the effect of varying the shape of the skin, muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue layers on single ALN detection. We also study multiple ALN detection and contrast between healthy and metastasized ALNs. We propose a new beamformer algorithm denominated Channel-Ranked Delay-Multiply-And-Sum (CR-DMAS), which allows the successful detection of ALNs in order to achieve better Signal-to-Clutter Ratio, e.g., with the muscle layer up to 3.07 dB, a Signal-to-Mean Ratio of up to 20.78 dB and a Location Error of 1.58 mm. In multiple target detection, CR-DMAS outperformed other well established beamformers used in the context of breast MWI. Overall, this work provides new insights into the performance of algorithms in axillary MWI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Evaluating the Performance of Algorithms in Axillary Microwave Imaging towards Improved Breast Cancer Staging

Pato

Eleuterio

Conceição

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Experimental Assessment of Axillary Lymph Node Microwave Tomography Using Anthropomorphic Phantoms

Savazzi

Karadima

Rodriguez-Duarte

et al. 2023

IEEE J. Electromagn. RF Microw. Med. Biol.

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Microwave tomographic system for axillary lymph node detection. Take-Home Messages• This paper represents the first experimental assessment of microwave tomography for the detection of axillary lymph nodes in patients affected by breast cancer. • Our microwave tomography system can detect an axillary lymph node placed, in different positions, inside our anthropomorphic phantom of the axillary region. • The target medical application is the diagnosis of axillary lymph nodes using microwave imaging, which could complement the limited diagnostic information from magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound. • This paper presents a microwave tomography setup which could be used as a novel complementary imaging modality for axillary lymph node detection. • This paper also highlights the challenges of axillary microwave tomography, and proposes a novel method (i.e., two-step angular measurement) to maximize the amount of retrievable information given the limited space for probe placement.

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Dielectric Characterization of Healthy Human Teeth from 0.5 to 18 GHz with an Open-Ended Coaxial Probe

Berezhanska

Godinho

Maló³

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Dental caries is a major oral health issue which compromises oral health, as it is the main cause of oral pain and tooth loss. Early caries detection is essential for effective clinical intervention. However, methods commonly employed for its diagnosis often fail to detect early caries lesions, which motivates the research for more effective diagnostic solutions. In this work, the relative permittivity of healthy permanent teeth, in caries-prone areas, was studied between 0.5 and 18 GHz. The reliability of such measurements is an important first step to, ultimately, evaluate the feasibility of a microwave device for caries detection. The open-ended coaxial probe technique was employed. Its performance showed to be compromised by the poor probe-tooth contact. We proposed a method based on applying coupling media to reduce this limitation. A decrease in the measured relative permittivity variability was observed when the space between the probe tip and tooth surface was filled by coupling media instead of air. The influence of the experimental conditions in the measurement result was found to be less than 5%. Measurements conducted in ex vivo teeth showed that the relative permittivity of the dental crown and root ranges between 10.0–11.0 and 8.0–9.5, respectively.

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Modelling level I Axillary Lymph Nodes depth for Microwave Imaging

Cited by 3 publications

References 19 publications

Evaluating the Performance of Algorithms in Axillary Microwave Imaging towards Improved Breast Cancer Staging

Evaluating the Performance of Algorithms in Axillary Microwave Imaging towards Improved Breast Cancer Staging

Experimental Assessment of Axillary Lymph Node Microwave Tomography Using Anthropomorphic Phantoms

Dielectric Characterization of Healthy Human Teeth from 0.5 to 18 GHz with an Open-Ended Coaxial Probe

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