Modelling End-User Behavior and Behavioral Change in Smart Grids. An Application of the Model of Frame Selection

Abstract

This paper presents an agent-based model (ABM) for residential end-users, which is part of a larger, interdisciplinary co-simulation framework that helps to investigate the performance of future power distribution grids (i.e., smart grid scenarios). Different modes of governance (strong, soft and self-organization) as well as end-users’ heterogeneous behavior represent key influential factors. Feedback was implemented as a measure to foster grid-beneficial behavior, which encompasses a range of monetary and non-monetary incentives (e.g., via social comparison). The model of frame selection (MFS) serves as theoretical background for modelling end-users’ decision-making. Additionally, we conducted an online survey to ground the end-user sub-model on empirical data. Despite these empirical and theoretical foundations, the model presented should be viewed as a conceptual framework, which requires further data collection. Using an example scenario, representing a lowly populated residential area (167 households) with a high share of photovoltaic systems (30%), different modes of governance were compared with regard to their suitability for improving system stability (measured in cumulated load). Both soft and strong control were able to decrease overall fluctuations as well as the mean cumulated load (by approx. 10%, based on weekly observation). However, we argue that soft control could be sufficient and more societally desirable.

The Power of Co-Creation in the Energy Transition—DART Model in Citizen Energy Communities Projects

“…It is a good example of how bottom-up social innovations can shape effective policy actions in terms of the incentive mix. Hoffman, Adelf and Meyer [16] draws similar conclusions, indicating that end-user contributions to collective problem solving are an integral part of non-monetary incentives, which fits into a mixed governance model involving 'soft control' and coordination.…”

“…Hanke and Lowitzsch highlight that energy transition depend on the participation of all societal groups, hence it is crucial to provide competitive energy prices to energy community members by removing existing obstacles such as high tax and levy burdens or administrative and regulatory complexities [15]. On the other hand, the importance of more prescriptive, non-monetary incentives targeting end-users in the energy system with respect to their engagement in energy matters is highlighted by Hoffman, Adelf and Meyer [16]. By introducing an agent-based model (ABM) for end-users as part of an interdisciplinary simulation system, they indicated that feedback and non-monetary end-user incentives support energy engagement and willingness to cooperate.…”