Modelling detrital cooling‐age populations: insights from two Himalayan catchments

Brewer, I. D.; Burbank, Douglas W.; Hodges, Kip

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2117.2003.00211.x

Cited by 91 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…Previous efforts to estimate Late MiocenePleistocene exhumation rates in the Annapurna Range from thermochronometric data have involved direct interpretations of apparent age-elevation profiles Blythe et al 2007), modeling of detrital mineral cooling ages from samples of modern river deposits (Brewer et al 2003(Brewer et al , 2006Ruhl and Hodges 2005;, and one-, two-, and three-dimensional thermokinematic modeling of distributed data, particularly apatite and ZrnFT dates Nadin and Martin 2012). All of these estimates are based on minerals in bedrock or detrital samples from Greater Himalayan Sequence lithologies collected from structural levels most comparable to the collection sites of the Annapurna-Dhumpu footwall samples we studied.…”

Section: Sensitivity Analysis Of Models and Comparisons Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for Pleistocene Low-Angle Normal Faulting in the Annapurna-Dhaulagiri Region, Nepal

McDermott¹,

Hodges²,

Whipple³

et al. 2015

The Journal of Geology

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Section: Sensitivity Analysis Of Models and Comparisons Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for Pleistocene Low-Angle Normal Faulting in the Annapurna-Dhaulagiri Region, Nepal

McDermott¹,

Hodges²,

Whipple³

et al. 2015

The Journal of Geology

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“…Thus, sediment collected from the creek should have apatite helium ages that reveal the relative contributions of different elevations to the sediment flux at the sampling point (24). In the reference case of uniform sediment production and erosion, each point on the landscape is equally prone to producing a sediment particle and delivering it to the creek (29,30). In that case, the measured age distribution Significance Rivers carve through landscapes using sediment produced on hillslopes by biological, chemical, and physical weathering of underlying bedrock.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate and topography control the size and flux of sediment produced on steep mountain slopes

Riebe

Sklar

Lukens

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

104

141

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Weathering on mountain slopes converts rock to sediment that erodes into channels and thus provides streams with tools for incision into bedrock. Both the size and flux of sediment from slopes can influence channel incision, making sediment production and erosion central to the interplay of climate and tectonics in landscape evolution. Although erosion rates are commonly measured using cosmogenic nuclides, there has been no complementary way to quantify how sediment size varies across slopes where the sediment is produced. Here we show how this limitation can be overcome using a combination of apatite helium ages and cosmogenic nuclides measured in multiple sizes of stream sediment. We applied the approach to a catchment underlain by granodiorite bedrock on the eastern flanks of the High Sierra, in California. Our results show that higher-elevation slopes, which are steeper, colder, and less vegetated, are producing coarser sediment that erodes faster into the channel network. This suggests that both the size and flux of sediment from slopes to channels are governed by altitudinal variations in climate, vegetation, and topography across the catchment. By quantifying spatial variations in the sizes of sediment produced by weathering, this analysis enables new understanding of sediment supply in feedbacks between climate, tectonics, and mountain landscape evolution.weathering | erosion | critical zone | detrital thermochronometry T he interplay of climate and life drives weathering on mountain slopes (1-4), converting intact bedrock into mobile sediment particles ranging in size from clay to boulders (5, 6). Water, wind, and biota sweep these particles across slopes under the force of gravity and erode them into channels, where they serve as tools that cut into underlying bedrock during transport downstream (7). Both the size and flux of particles eroded from slopes into channels can influence incision into bedrock (8, 9), which in turn governs the pace of erosion from slopes where the sediment is produced (10, 11). The relationships between sediment production, hillslope erosion, and channel incision imply that they are central to feedbacks that drive mountain landscape evolution (12). When channel incision and hillslope erosion are relatively fast, sediment particles spend less time exposed to weathering on slopes (13) and thus may be coarser when they enter the channel (14), promoting faster incision into bedrock (7). Integrated over time, channel incision and hillslope erosion generate topography (15), imposing altitudinal gradients in precipitation, temperature, and hillslope form (16), and thus ultimately influencing erosion (17), weathering (1), and the sizes of sediment produced on slopes (2). Thus, the size and erosional flux of sediment may both depend on and regulate rates of channel incision into bedrock via feedbacks spanning a range of scales and processes.Feedbacks between climate, erosion, and tectonics have been widely studied (8,16,(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). However, understanding the role of sedi...

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“…Science China: Earth Sciences, 57: 2702Sciences, 57: -2711Sciences, 57: , doi: 10.1007 Quantitative studies of exhumation rates place important constraints on landscape evolution and on hypotheses for the formation of mountain belts. Exhumation rates have traditionally been determined by dating minerals of known closure temperature in igneous or metamorphic rocks (e.g., Copeland et al, 1987), or by thermochronology of detrital minerals collected from rivers (e.g., Jain et al, 2000;Brewer et al, 2003). The advantage of the former is that multiple minerals, with different closure temperatures, can be dated from the same rock allowing the exhumation history for the rock to be documented.…”

Section: Citationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The obvious explanation for this apparent discrepancy is that regions with high exhumation rates are providing a disproportionate fraction of the Indus River load. Compression of isotherms in areas of high relief (Zeitler, 1985;Brewer et al, 2003) or adjacent to thrusts may contribute to the variability of the short-term exhumation rates.…”

Section: Possible Controls On the Differences Between Shortand Long-tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detrital zircon U-Pb-He double dating: A method of quantifying long- and short-term exhumation rates in collisional orogens

Wang

Campbell

Reiners

et al. 2014

Sci. China Earth Sci.

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A U-Pb-He double-dating method is applied to detrital zircons with core-rim structure from the Ganges River in order to determine average short-and long-term exhumation rates for the Himalayas. Long-term rates are calculated from the U/Pb ages of metamorphic rims of the grains that formed during the Himalayan orogeny and their crystallization temperatures, which are calculated from the Ti-in-zircon thermometer. Short-term rates are calculated from (U-Th)/He ages of the grains with appropriate closure temperatures. The results show that short-term rates for the Himalayas, which range from 0.70  0.09 to 2.67  0.40 km/Myr and average 1.75  0.59 (1) km/Myr, are higher and more varied than the long-term rates, which range from 0.84  0.16 to 1.85  0.35 km/Myr and average 1.26  0.25 (1) km/Myr. The differences between the long-term and short-term rates can be attributed to continuous exhumation of the host rocks in different mechanisms in continental collision orogen. The U/Pb ages of 44.0 ± 3.7 to 18.3 ± 0.5 Ma for the zircon rims indicate a protracted episode of ~25 Myr for regional metamorphism of the host rocks at deeper crust, whereas the (U-Th)/He ages of 42.2 ± 1.8 to 1.3 ± 0.2 Ma for the zircon grains represent a protracted period of ~40 Myr for exposure of the host rocks to shallower crustal level. In particular, the oldest (U-Th)/He ages of the zircon grains are close to the oldest U/Pb ages for the rims, indicating that some parcels of the rocks that contain zircons were rapidly exhumed from deep to shallow levels in the stage of collisional orogeny. On the other hand, some parcels of the rocks may have been carried upwards by thrust faults in the post-collisional stage. The parcels could be carried upwards by the thrust faults that steepen as they near the surface, or by transient movement faults so that areas of rapid exhumation became areas of slow exhumation and visa versa on a time scale of a few Myr in order to maintain the continuous exhumation. In this regard, the Ganges River must be preferentially sampling areas that are currently undergoing above average rates of uplift.zircon, U-Pb-He double-dating method, Himalayas, exhumation rate, collisional orogen Citation:Wang C Y, Campbell I H, Reiners P W, et al. 2014. Detrital zircon U-Pb-He double dating: A method of quantifying long-and short-term exhumation rates in collisional orogens.

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Modelling detrital cooling‐age populations: insights from two Himalayan catchments

Cited by 91 publications

References 59 publications

Evidence for Pleistocene Low-Angle Normal Faulting in the Annapurna-Dhaulagiri Region, Nepal

Evidence for Pleistocene Low-Angle Normal Faulting in the Annapurna-Dhaulagiri Region, Nepal

Climate and topography control the size and flux of sediment produced on steep mountain slopes

Detrital zircon U-Pb-He double dating: A method of quantifying long- and short-term exhumation rates in collisional orogens

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